Trajan, Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus (September 18-117), the second emperor of the ancient Roman Antonian dynasty and one of the five wise emperors of Rome, reigned from 98 to 117.

Trajan was born in Italy, Bettica, Spain, and was the first Roman emperor born outside the Apennine Peninsula.
During his reign, he consolidated the economic and social system internally, launched wars against the outside world, achieved remarkable military achievements, and expanded the territory of the Roman Empire to the largest extent in history. He once established the "Turajin Chronicles" to record his achievements.
His outstanding achievements were awarded the titles of "Best Leader" and [1] "Optimus princeps" by the Roman Senate.
Turajin was born into a military family in Italica, Spain, and grew up with his father in the military, gradually becoming an experienced general. His father was a descendant of Roman colonizers from far Spain, and his mother was Spanish. His family is wealthy and prestigious, and his father has served as the governor of provinces such as Spain and Syria. [2]
In 89, Turajin became the commander of the army and in 91, he became the consul. [3] Due to his achievements in fighting against the Germanic people, he was awarded the honorary title of "Germanic Nicus". It is said that Turajin has a kind, simple and resolute personality, and is bold and meticulous. He is truly a perfect person, not only deeply supported by the military, but also loved by the Roman people. [4] In 1996, the Roman emperor Domitian was killed in a coup because he had long despised the Senate and had serious disagreement with it.
Subsequently, the veteran elder Neva was elected as the emperor. Despite the strong support of the Senate, Neva lacks influence and prestige in the military. [4] In order to gain the support of the army, he made a wise decision in the second year of his succession to choose the outstanding German governor, 45 year old Turajin, as his adopted son and heir. This decision not only quelled the dissatisfaction of the army, but also ushered in a new era of the Roman Empire, ushering in a 60 year long era of peace and prosperity, with all aspects of the Roman Empire reaching its peak. [2]
At the beginning of 1998, Nelva passed away due to illness, and Turajin, who was stationed in Cologne, was summoned to the throne.

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Political strategy
Trajan was the first Roman emperor born in a province. His identity as an outsider indicates a qualitative change in the position of outsiders in the ruling class. This is a symbol that the highest position in Rome is being opened to all upper echelons, whether in Rome or in other provinces. [2]
Turajin was widely praised in both the military and the Senate, not only because he was a meritorious marshal, but also because of his charisma and the kindness and care he showed to the people.
He succeeded to the throne and did not return to Rome to accept power in 98 AD. Instead, he stayed in the Rhine and Danube regions for over a year, inspecting, consolidating borders, and planning preparations for war with Darcia. In 99 AD, Turajin returned to Rome and pursued the policy of revitalizing the Senate, granting it a noble status and showing good respect to its friends. He appointed members of the Senate from various provinces in the East, thus gaining favor with the Senate and strengthening his relationship with the Senate. [2]
Turajin reformed local administration, appointed some loyal confidants to serve as governors in the provinces, and improved the relationship between the central government and the provinces; He understands the importance of cultivating people's power, which is to lighten the burden on the people and help small farmers maintain their livelihoods through government loans. In addition, he also followed Nirva's method of setting up funds in various regions with a portion of the government's taxes to raise impoverished orphaned children. [5]
Another achievement that Tura is truly praised for is his encouragement and personal supervision of the vigorous expansion of public works in Rome, Italy, and various provinces, such as road construction, bridge construction, ditch construction, land reclamation, port construction, and building buildings. The remains of these buildings can still be seen everywhere in modern Spain, North Africa, the Balkans, and Italy. [2]
He was awarded the title of "Optimus princeps" by the Senate.

military action
As an emperor of a military empire, the reason why Turajin was famous in the world is mainly because he was the largest and last successful expansionist and aggressor of Rome after Caesar. His foreign aggression and conquest war achieved great success, and the empire's territory was expanded to an unprecedented scale. [2]
In terms of foreign policy, Turajin broke away from the tradition of the early empire established by Augustus and instead revived the aggressive tendencies of the Republican period. [5] He ended several generations of emperors' inaction in expanding their territories. He actively carried out foreign expansion, with the main purpose of plundering wealth and increasing the treasury income through such a foreign war of aggression to make up for the lack of tax revenue, solve the shortage of funds needed for various domestic undertakings and meet the needs of the ruling bloc to squander.
In order to meet the needs of foreign wars, he expanded the number of Roman legions to 30, and the size of each legion also increased. The auxiliary personnel working with the regular forces were expanded by new local forces of various kinds. They were composed of tribes and ethnic units from non Rome, using their own weapons, including cavalry wearing armor. Turajin relied on such a massive army to launch a series of foreign aggression wars.

Dacia War
The Kingdom of Dacia (now Romania) in the lower reaches of the Danube River was the first target of aggression and plunder. Under the leadership of King Desibalus, Dacia became powerful from the end of the 1st century AD and became a serious threat to the Roman Empire.
In the spring of 101 AD, Turajin carefully prepared and gathered a large army of 200000 soldiers (which should include a large number of auxiliary soldiers), divided into two groups, and sailed across the Danube River to win the Battle of Tapai, capturing the gateway of the Kingdom of Dacia. Tulazhen led the western army, cut through the thorns, passed through the old-growth forest, and reached the capital city of western Asia, Salmizejetusa (the site is located in today's Hunedoala County, Romania [7]). The Darcians rose up in resistance, causing great losses to the Romans.
In 102 AD, Turajin sent General Lucius Kuntus to flank and attract the enemy's attention, while he led the army to attack head-on. The Romans shattered the resistance of the Darcians and approached the capital of Darcian. De Sibalus was forced to unconditionally accept the peace treaty and declared eternal friendship with Rome.

In 105 AD, Desibalus took the opportunity of the Romans leaving Dacia and resumed the war. Turajin mobilized 12 legions to fight against the Dachians and occupied one Dachian stronghold after another. The two sides engaged in the most heinous bloody battle at Samizejetusa. The Dacians, like the Carthaginians back then, would rather die of poison than be slaves to the Romans when victory was hopeless. When Turajin entered the city, it was almost like entering an empty city without anyone. Turajin plundered a large amount of treasure. The capital of Dacia was razed to the ground.
Turajin built a huge stone bridge on the Danube River, incorporating Dacia into Rome and becoming a new province of Rome. [2]
Turajin established numerous Roman settlements on the north bank of the Danube River. The descendants of these settlements still refer to themselves as Romanians and their country as Romania, all of which are derived from the term Rome. [5]
The conquest of Dacia not only eliminated a strong enemy and stabilized the lower reaches of the Danube River, but also gained enormous wealth and land, providing funds for the grand public buildings of Turajin. Turajin announced in Rome a 123 day festival to celebrate the victory of the Darcy War. Celebrating the victory of a war for such a long time is unparalleled in both ancient and modern Chinese and foreign history.

The Parthian War
Subsequently, Turajin pointed his aggression at Asia and engaged in war with Parthia. Since the middle of the first century BC, Parthia has been a formidable enemy of the Roman Empire, with constant wars and border changes between the two countries. [5] On the one hand, Trajan was not satisfied that the eastern border of Rome was limited to the upper reaches of the Euphrates River; On the other hand, he was also tempted by the wealth and vast land of Parthia and longed to follow the footsteps of Alexander the Great and annex this country. As early as 105 years ago, in preparation for fighting against Parthia, Turajin sent troops to occupy the Kingdom of Nabat in northern Arabia, control the main trade route to the east, and set up a new province here - the Arab Province.
In 110 AD, the Parthians took control of Armenia, abolished the king who had previously supported Rome, and established a new king. The struggle for Armenia became the fuse of the two countries' military confrontation. In 114 AD, Turajin sent troops to occupy Armenia, abolishing the Parthian king and declaring Armenia a new province of Rome, which was included in the Roman territory. This effortless victory stimulated the expansion desire of Trajan, who decided to continue to move eastward and occupy the whole of Mesopotamia. The Roman army marched side by side in two directions, reaching the Tigris River and the Euphrates River at the same time, and occupying Upper Mesopotamia. [2]
In 116 AD, the Roman army marched down the southern part of the Tigris and occupied the capital of Parthia, Texiphon. And after the general Lucius Quintus of Turajin led his army to capture the Parthian territory of Adiabeni, he went south and joined forces with Turajin at Taisifeng. At the end of that year, the Turajin army arrived in the Persian Gulf, and the Roman army was the first and last to arrive in the Persian Gulf.
Turajin is here, facing the sea with great emotion, and tears welled up in his eyes as he is too old to repeat Alexander's conquest of India. However, when he visited the ruins of Babylon and saw the place where Alexander passed away 440 years ago, he exclaimed differently: "Fame is nothing but a pile of garbage, stones, and ruins
He incorporated the newly occupied area into Rome, where he set up Mesopotamia and Assyria provinces. [5] His fleet ravaged the towns along the Arabian coast, and Turajin boasted that his troops had almost reached Indian territory. [8]
After a series of expansions by Turajin, the territory of the Roman Empire was expanded to its maximum extent. It starts from the Two River Basin to the east, extends to most of Britain to the west, covers Egypt and North Africa to the south, and reaches the Rhine River and Daria located north of the Danube River to the north.

Death
The victory and success of Turajin's Eastern Expedition were temporary, and behind his advancing army, there were constant Jewish rebellions in one Eastern province after another. He was forced to retreat and turn back to deal with the people's uprising, while the frontline general Lucius Quintus was also deeply involved in the fierce battle.
Due to old age and weak health, as well as concerns about the complete abandonment of the great expedition, I was mentally exhausted and fell ill. In 116 AD, Turajin's condition worsened and he suddenly became paralyzed. In 117 AD, he passed away in the city of Selenius in the southeastern corner of Asia Minor and was unable to return to Rome.
Turajin reigned for 19 years at the age of 64. [2] As soon as Turajin died, his measures in the two river basins were immediately put to naught. [5]
Teleportation
Turajin has never officially designated a successor, but according to Empress Prottina, he passed the throne to Hadrian before dying. [5] Previously, he had repeatedly hesitated whether to entrust the power of ruling the country to his nephew Hadrian, a person with a volatile personality and a difficult distinction between truth and falsehood. Before he passed away, the alert Queen Protina either overcame her hesitation or boldly managed to make adoption a reality. [8]
As early as 86 years ago, after Turajin's cousin passed away, Turajin adopted his son Hadrian as his adopted son and married his niece Sabina to this adopted son. Turajin appointed Hadrian as his heir before his death. Shortly after his death, the Eastern Legion swore allegiance to Hadrian on August 11, 117. Later, the Senate recognized Hadrian as the "Princeps" of Rome.

Tula is truly an excellent commander-in-chief and also a highly capable executive. [9] In terms of military affairs, he was overjoyed and a pure imperialist, believing that order is more important than peace. In terms of politics, he is a capable and energetic executive, a prudent financial planner, and an impartial judge. [10] During the reign of Turajin, the society and economy flourished, and the national strength was unprecedentedly strong. The Northern Expedition and Eastern Expedition brought the empire's territory to its limit. The empire has reached its peak. [2]
Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Anthony Pius, and Marco Aurelius are collectively known as the Five Great Emperors. These five emperors brought a golden period and unprecedented prosperity to Rome during their reign. In his book The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Edward Gibbon praised this era as "the happiest era of mankind". [8]
Tula Zhen was kind-hearted, simple, and resilient. More than 250 years after his death, the Senate declared a new emperor (Valens, reigned 364-378) in a proclamation in accordance with tradition, expressing the hope that he would surpass Augustus in terms of benefiting the people and Tula Zhen in terms of kindness.