Tiberius, the full name of Tiberius Caesar (son of Augustus) Augustus (Latin: Tiberius Caesar Divi Augusti filius Augustus, November 16, 42 B.C. - March 16, 37 A.D.), was originally Tiberius Claudius Nero or Tiberius Julius Caesar, which was also translated into Tiberius or Tiberius Julius Caesar in Chinese. The second emperor of the Roman Empire, the second emperor of the Julian Claudius dynasty, reigned from September 18, 2014 to March 16, 37.
In 14 A.D., Augustus died. Tiberius inherited the empire created by Augustus and became the successor of the Julian Claudius dynasty through marriage. Tiberius had a deep and strict personality and was not universally loved by his subjects during his reign. In the later period of his reign, due to the struggle and conspiracy between the parties and families, he used brutal means to deal with political enemies and relatives. In the works of Roman classical writers, his image was positioned as tyrannical and lustful. However, according to the historical materials such as the scene of stability and literature inscriptions of the empire in those years, the modern scholars overturned the case for Tiberius and believed that Tiberius was a promising emperor.
Due to the tension with the Senate and the family, Tiberius retired to Capri Island in 26 A.D. and never returned to Rome, but he never relaxed his control over the political situation. On March 16, 37 AD, Tiberius died on Capri Island.

Tiberius came from the famous "Claudius" family handed down in the Republic period. Tiberius' father, Claudius Nero, once served as Caesar's treasurer at the end of the Republic. After Caesar was assassinated 44 years ago, he ran around in chaos. After the establishment of the last three alliances, he joined Mark Anthony's camp, and the domestic situation was slightly stable. Later, at the request of Octavian (the first emperor of the Roman Empire, Augustus, called Augustus under his imperial title), Livia married Octavian instead. Claudius Nero, Tiberius' biological father, died of illness shortly after his divorce from Livia.
Tiberius spent his childhood in hardship and suffering. Before the establishment of the latter three alliances, he often followed his parents in Sicily, Achaia and other places to escape the enemy's pursuit. Tiberius was once adopted as an adopted son in his will by Marcus Gallias, a senior citizen, and inherited his property. But he soon gave up the name Galias because he was the political enemy of Augustus (Sue 3.15). [1]
Military achievements
When Tiberius came of age, he began his public life under the care of Augustus. He served as the commander of the corps, solved the problem of the throne of Armenia, the dependency of the Roman Empire, in the east, and returned to Parthiasso the military flag that had been captured after the defeat of Krasu in the past. He also fought and won wars with Gaul and Germanic tribes in Gaul, Pannonia and other places outside the mountains.
The Xiganbri and Denktari crossed the Rhine River in 16 B.C. and defeated the Roman legion stationed in the Rhine River defense line. The commander of the legion, Laurius, did not command properly and was finally defeated.
From 12 BC, Augustus officially launched the conquest of the Germanic people. Tiberius and his brother Dresus fought together. After three years of war, they achieved remarkable results and planted the banner of the corps on the bank of the Elbe River.
In the first nine years and seven years, Tiberius won the honor of a small triumphal victory in Rome.
In addition, he also served as treasurer, justice and consul, and in the first six years, he also obtained the privilege of five years as a civil defender.

Tiberius was originally married to Vespania (daughter of Agrippa and his ex-wife). The couple had deep feelings and had a son (Drusus Jr.). Aguerpa, a friend and son-in-law of Augustus, died 12 years ago. In order to ensure political stability, Tiberius was forced to divorce Vespania and married Old Yulia, the daughter of Augustus, Agrippa's widow.
Tiberius was unhappy in his marriage. In addition, although Tiberius was the oldest among Augustus' heirs and the first choice to have established achievements, the three grandsons of Augustus, Postums, Lucius and Gaius (sons of Yulia and Agrippa, the daughter of Augustus), grew up gradually. On the one hand, considering that Augustus was more willing to choose his own blood relatives to inherit the throne, he did not want to be a problem in Augustus' succession, and on the other hand, he did not want to live with his wife. So in the first six years, he refused the plea of his mother, Livia, on the pretext of poor health, resolutely asked for retirement, and resolutely sailed to Rhode Island, where he lived as an ordinary citizen.
Later, Yulia was accused of adultery, and Augustus exercised his "father's right" to exile Yulia. Bostoms, the eldest grandson, acted absurdly and dissolutely, and was also exiled by Augustus. Before that, Drusus, another brother of Tiberius, died nine years ago. Due to the emptiness of the royal family, Tiberius finally returned to Rome in two years, but he still did not get involved in politics.

Tiberius, who returned to Rome, did not hold any post. After recommending his son, Drusus the Younger, to the public, he lived in seclusion. A few years later, Augustus' only biological grandsons, Lucius and Gaius, also died one after another, so Tiberius became the most suitable adult heir to the throne. After repeated consideration, Augustus finally adopted Tiberius as the adopted son. In exchange, he adopted his nephew Germanicus (the son of Drusus, the brother of Tiberius, and Antonia, the niece of Augustus) of Augustus descent as the adopted son (that is, Augustus asked Tiberius to appoint Germanicus as the heir to the throne), and began to take over the political cause of the country again.
Tiberius resumed the German campaign. He reorganized his troops with strict discipline, and washed away the atmosphere of Wallus's previous disastrous defeat in the Teutonburg Forest Campaign. Tiberius led his army across the Rhine River and defeated the Bructellians. In 2012, he returned to Rome and held the triumphal ceremony.
Augustus died of illness on August 19, 2014. Tiberius legally inherited all the powers of Augustus with the unanimous consent of the Senate. Tiberius became the second Roman emperor after Augustus.

In 14, Tiberius succeeded to the throne in Rome. At this time, however, two military regions along the empire's border, the Germanic military region (Rhine River basin) and the Irilikum military region (Danube River basin), had mutinied. The legion soldiers took advantage of Augustus' death to ask for welfare; They demanded to retire, improve the treatment, reduce the labor burden, and accused the officers of bullying. The local officers and corps commanders could not stop them. Tiberius sent two special envoys to deal with it.
When the son of Tiberius, Drusus the younger, arrived in Irilikum, he was almost killed by the soldiers who were excited by the crowd. Later, he took advantage of the panic caused by an eclipse and joined forces with the centurions of the barracks to correct the active and noisy soldiers to kill and quickly quell the turmoil.
On the other hand, there were eight legions in Germania, the largest in the western part of the empire. At the beginning of his accession to the throne, Tiberius asked the Senate to grant Germanicus the right to rule Gaul with the same consul (Proconsul), so as to control the corps of the Germanic military region. After getting the news of the mutiny, Germanicus, who collected taxes in Gaul Province, rushed to the Germanic military region to deal with the incident. In order to appease the soldiers, he issued an order in the name of the emperor, deciding that soldiers who had served 20 years or more could retire immediately, and those who had served 16 years could be exempted from daily service. The money will be doubled according to the requirements of the soldiers, but it will not be until the soldiers return to the winter camp.
Germanic Nicus easily persuaded the garrison in Upper Germania, but some of the legions in Lower Germania (the 5th and 21st legions) were unwilling to accept it. So Germanicus wrote a letter to Orus Kachner, the head of the Lower Germanic garrison, asking him to solve this problem, or he would eliminate all the troops who refused to obey without discrimination. After consulting with his subordinates, Cagina led an army loyal to him to attack the camp of Lower Germanic and suppress the disobedient elements in the German legion. [2]
After that, in order to stabilize the morale of the army and fight against the Germanic people who were ready to move because of the turmoil, Germanic Nicus marched into Germany for three consecutive years from 14 to 16 years, achieved fruitful results, and was awarded the special honor of triumphal ceremony. However, this is not in line with the established policy of Tiberius to provoke civil unrest, supplemented by military strikes, and mediated by Rome. Therefore, in 2016, Tiberius rejected Germanicus' request, transferred him back to Rome, and served as consul with him for 18 years.

At the beginning of his reign, Tiberius sought to be lenient. His attitude was modest and he refused the titles of "father of the country" and "commander in chief"; He respected the Senate, followed the habits of the Republican period, and personally reported to the Senate on national affairs in all matters; He often goes to the court to hear the judgment, so as to prevent the judge from accepting bribes and corruption; He advocated freedom of speech, unless his speech involved insulting Augustus, and in addition, those who offended him or his family would not be investigated at all. He once said his position to the Senate: "Senators, a head of state who has such extensive power through your support is a servant of all citizens."
Tiberius basically adopted a conservative approach to economic policy. After expanding the expenditure of the former government, he limited the expenditure of various countries. He cut the expenditure on entertainment and performance, limited the consumption of luxury goods, and set an example to encourage economy.
Tiberius paid attention to public security, exterminated bandits who were fleeing from place to place and suppressed illegal riots. The most influential factor for later generations was that he established a "garrison infantry brigade" of 6000 people and stationed them in Rome, which became another foundation for the consolidation of imperial power.
Tiberius's foreign policy was mainly defensive. He followed the principle of no longer expanding Augustus and withdrew the German legion to the left bank of the Rhine River. In addition to suppressing the mutiny in Mauritania, Tiberio did not carry out any war.
Although Tiberius' series of measures effectively improved the financial and national defense, for ordinary Roman people, it was boring without public entertainment, the emperor's gift of money and military triumphant rule, so Tiberius, who was obviously much more stingy than the previous emperor, was not popular among the people.

Teutonic Nicus was Tiberius's nephew. He married Augustus's granddaughter, Grand Agrippina, and had nine children. After calming down the mutiny of the German military region, Teutonic Nicus led his troops to cross the Rhine River in the winter of that year to attack the unprepared Germanic tribes and obtain rich victories. Later, Tiberius summoned Teutonic Nicus to return home with the policy of not expanding the war. However, in the process of returning home from the sea route, the Roman Legion suffered a storm and lost a considerable number of troops.
Tiberius held a triumphal ceremony for him after his return from Germanicus. In 2018, Germanicus was assigned to the East to handle the foreign affairs of Parthia. However, the governor of Syria's provincial government, Pisso, has constrained Germanicus in many ways, which has strained the relations between the two sides. In 19, Germanic Nicus died of illness. Before his death, he believed that he was poisoned by Pisso and asked his family to avenge him. Later, Pisso was recalled and committed suicide during the trial of Germanicus.
In the works of Tacitus, a classical writer and historian, people suspected that Pisso was instructed by Tiberius to remove Germanicus and his descendants from the throne, so that his own son, Drusus Jr., could succeed.
As Germanic Nicus raided the whole Gaul region in order to attack the north of Rhine River, Gaul broke out a Gaul debt uprising in 21 A.D. after Germanic Nicus died.

The great Agrippina, the widow of Germanic Nicus, believed that she had pure Augustus blood, looked down upon Tiberius and suspected that his husband's death was related to Tiberius. Great Agrippina once refused the apples that Tiberius handed him at the family dinner, which clearly showed her dislike of Tiberius and fear of being poisoned by him; Tiberius also said to the daughter-in-law discontentedly, "Dear child, do you feel wronged because you didn't become the Queen?" After the death of Livia, the mother of Tiberius, the two sides lacked a conciliatory intermediary and gradually became incompatible. Agrippina became an important figure of the anti Tiberium faction.
Under the operation of Xieyanus, the commander of the guards, Tiberius launched an attack on the Agrippina faction for 30 years on the grounds of plotting to launch a rebellion. Agrippina and her daughter, little Agrippina, were exiled. The elder Agrippina died of hunger strike in the exile place in 33 years. Her eldest son, Nero Caesar, was also exiled. The second son, Drusus Caesar, was imprisoned in the palace and died of starvation. The third son, Caligula, was called to Capri Island to monitor nearby. Those who support and sympathize with the Agrippina faction have been further affected.

Because of the sudden death of Tiberius' son Drusus Jr. in 23 years and the bad relationship with his relatives, he had the idea of leaving Rome. In 26 years, Tiberius finally decided to leave and went to the outer island of Campania, "Capri Island". By virtue of his correspondence with the Senate and his appointment of Lucius Aelius Sejanus, the commander of the guard, as his agent in Rome, he maintained the operation of the national policy in this very strange way. From then on until his death, Tiberius never returned to the capital.
The Romans believed that after he lived in seclusion in Capri, he began to operate a special obscene secret room, a once secret sex den. Girls and boys gathered in groups from all over the country, including those appalling inventors of sexual behavior known as "Speotry", copulated in groups of three in front of him, using this scene to arouse his own dying sexual desire. He raised very young boys and called them his "little fish". He played with them in bed, because of his nature and old age, and he loved this sex life. Even once, when he was sacrificing, he was so excited to see a beautiful boy holding incense burners that he couldn't stand. After the ceremony, Tiberius almost immediately took him aside to rape, and by the way raped the boy's brother, a boy who played flute; But when the two boys later began to scold each other for being shameful, he ordered them to break their calves. [3]