Spartacus (Greek: Σ π άρτακος； Latin: Spartacus),? - About 69 BC. He was an ancient Roman Thrace gladiator and military strategist who led the Spartacus uprising against the rule of the Roman Republic in 73 BC, together with the Gauls Kress, Enomai and Gannis. The Senate elected Krasu, the great slave owner, to command the army and suppress the insurgents. In the autumn of 72 BC, the army of Spartacus assembled on the Brutia peninsula (now Calabria) in Italy. It was expected to cross the Strait of Messina by the Kiriki pirate ship, but the pirates did not keep their promise and provided no ships. The Roman Senate transferred the troops of Pompey and Luculus from Spain and Thrace respectively to reinforce Crassus. Under the siege of the Roman army, 60000 insurgents died, and Spartacus also made heroic sacrifices [1].
The literature on Spartacus is rarely mentioned except for those related to the war. Many existing historical data are contradictory, so they are not all credible. But all the documents consider him to be a gladiator and an excellent military general. [2]
Spartak is often described as an insurgent who revolted against the oligarchy of Roman slave owners and fought for the freedom of the people. It provided inspiration for many political thinkers and was interpreted by many literature, television and movies.

Lead the army to revolt
In the era of slavery in ancient Rome, the great uprising led by the slave leader Spartacus once shook the whole western world, and its fighting spirit of fearing violence and pursuing liberation one after another had affected the slaves generation after generation.
In ancient Rome, there were large estates that used slave labor on a large scale, and slaves were called "talking tools". The slave owners built huge gladiators for fun, forced slaves to fight in pairs, and let gladiators hold swords and daggers to fight each other. After a fight, a dead slave was left on the scene. The brutal rule of the slave owners forced the slaves to launch large-scale armed uprisings again and again. In 73 BC, the largest slave uprising in the world's ancient history, the Spartacus slave uprising, broke out.
Spartacus is a Thracian in the northeast of the Balkans. When Rome marched into Northern Greece, it was captured by the Romans in a war, sold as a gladiator slave, and sent to a gladiator school in the city of Capria for inhuman treatment. Under the unbearable circumstances, Spartacus said to his partners, "It is better to die in the battle for freedom than to die in the gladiatorial arena for the pleasure of the noble masters." The gladiators, inspired by Spartacus, took the knives and iron forks in the kitchen and rushed out of the prison. On the way, they happened to meet several vehicles carrying weapons, seized these weapons and armed themselves, and ran to the Mount Vesuvius a few decades away to gather. Spartacus led the insurgents to camp here and establish a solid position.
Many runaway slaves and farmers came to join them. Spartacus' wife and he were from the same tribe and also took part in the uprising. The uprising team quickly developed from more than 70 gladiators to about 10000, and defeated some small units of the Roman army many times. Spartacus adapted his troops according to the form of the Roman army. In addition to the infantry composed of several legions, he also established cavalry, in addition to scouts, signalmen and small baggage teams. In addition to seizing the enemy's weapons, the insurgent barracks also organized the manufacture of weapons. The soldiers were trained, and strict rules of barracks and marching life were formulated. Soon, the whole Campagna Plain was under control.
At the beginning of 72 BC, the number of insurgent troops had increased to 60000. Spartacus drove his troops to Apulia and Lucania, where the number of people reached 120000 (some historical records recorded 90000 to 100000). The Roman Senate, shocked by the huge scale of the uprising, sent two armies headed by the consul Lentulus and Gallius to fight against Spartacus in the middle of 72 BC. [1]
Spartacus slave uprising
Spartacus slave uprising
In 72 BC, Spartacus led his troops across Italy along the Adriatic coast, defeated the army of Governor Cassius in the battle of Motina, and then sent them south.
The Roman Senate declared a state of emergency and ordered Krasu to lead the army to suppress it. In the autumn of that year, the insurgents suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Brutia, and were forced to try to raid the southern Italian port of Brindisi in the spring of 71 years ago, and cross the sea to Greece.

Battle of Brution
In the autumn of 72 BC, the insurgent army assembled on the Brucion Peninsula of Italy and planned to cross the Strait of Messina to Sicily by the Kiriki pirate ship. However, the pirates did not keep their promises and did not provide ships, and the plan of Spartacus to cross the sea with its own raft was not realized. At this time, Kelasu restored the ancient "Shiyige killing law" and dug a large trench with two ends open to the sea at the narrowest place on the land behind the rebel army, cutting off its retreat to Italy. After a fierce battle, Spartacus broke through the barrier, but in the assault, the army lost nearly 2%. This campaign was an important one for the Spartacus Rebellion to turn from prosperity to decline.
Team differentiation
Spartacus Uprising
Later, its insurgent army split up, and a force led by Crixus split out and was soon destroyed; Spartacus led the rebel army to the city of Motina in northern Italy (now Modena), preparing to cross the Alps and return to their homes; Without success, he returned to the army halfway, defeated the two consuls and went straight to Rome. [2]
The Roman slave owners were frightened, and the senate gave Crassus the power of a dictator to suppress the insurgents with all its strength; Spartacus did not attack Rome, and took his troops to Brutia at the southern end of the peninsula to prepare to cross the sea to Sicily, but failed.
Battle of Apria
In 71 BC, Spartacus wanted to go to Greece through the port of Brindisi, and the Roman Senate transferred Pompeii and Luculus' troops from Spain and Thrace to reinforce Crassus. At this time, Kelasu dug a large trench with two ends open to the sea from behind, trying to cut off the rear road of the insurgents; Spartacus broke through the blockade, but the division brigade was tired and fell into trouble; At this time, another army split out. [2]
In the fierce battle in the southern part of Apria province in 69 BC, the insurgents were defeated with fewer enemies and more enemies. Sixty thousand insurgents, including Spartacus, died in the battle. About 5000 people fled to northern Italy and were destroyed by Pompeii. 6000 prisoners were nailed to death on the cross from Rome to Apia, and Spartacus also died.

The Spartacus Uprising was a rebellion of slaves. This historical event can basically be said to be a tragedy under the Roman slavery at that time, which brought a rare social impact in history. [2]
More than a century later, Karl Marx, the great mentor of the proletariat in the world and the founder of scientific socialism, was born. In his youth, Marx recognized Spartacus as his idol and summarized from the failure of the Spartacus uprising. Marx pointed out that the irregular training of the Rebellion and the huge Roman army were the main reasons for the failure. Violent revolution is the basic form of proletarian revolution, which is also summarized to some extent from the Spartacus Uprising. [2]
On the one hand, the slave revolt in Spartacus shocked Rome to a certain extent, and promoted the gradual transition from the Roman Republic, which originally implemented the republican regime, to the imperial Roman Empire. On the other hand, the Spartacus Uprising is also the most famous and influential slave uprising in human history. After the uprising, many slave uprisings in the name of Spartacus took place in European history, and the social impact it brought was not limited to Europe.