Napoleon é on Bonaparte (French: Napol é on Bonaparte, August 15, 1769 – May 5, 1821), also known as Napoleon I, was born on the island of Corsica and served as the first ruler of the First French Republic (1799-1804) and emperor of the First French Empire (1804-1815).
Napoleon was crowned emperor on December 2, 1804, transforming the republic into an empire. During his reign, he was known as the "Emperor of the French" and was also the second French emperor in history to enjoy this title since Charles III.
He has repeatedly suppressed uprisings internally. He once led his army to defeat an alliance composed of England, Prussia, Austria, Russia, and other countries, expanding abroad multiple times, launching aggressive wars, and becoming the king of Italy, protector of the Rhine Federation, arbitrator of the Swiss Confederation, and colonial lord of the French Empire (including colonies of France, the Netherlands, Spain, and others).
He was defeated and abdicated in 1814, and was subsequently exiled to the island of Elba. In 1815, he fled back to Paris and established the Hundred Days Dynasty. On June 18, 1815, he was defeated by the Anglo Dutch coalition commanded by Wellington at Waterloo, and the French army was defeated. Napoleon fled the battlefield and was later exiled to Saint Helena Island until his death in 1821. In 1840, the coffin was transported back to the É cole des Invalides in Paris. [1]
France's Salaquine believed that defeat and foreign aggression were the result of France's submission to Napoleon's dictatorship, and also symbolized the failure of Napoleon's political system. [46]
The French Civil Code, formulated under the leadership of Napoleon, is a monument in the history of world law. It was the civil law system that opened up the civil law system, hence it is also known as the civil law system. [44]
The Second French Empire further promoted the official process of Napoleon's worship. Paired with national heroes such as Joan of Arc in French history, it is pointed out that they were all heroes who resisted foreign invasions and failed due to betrayal. They symbolized patriotism, faith, and glory.

To stand out and make a name for oneself
On August 15, 1769, Napoleon Bonaparte was born in the city of Ajaccio on the island of Corsica. He was left-handed and his original name was Napoleon Buwanaba. It was not until 1796 that he changed "Buwanaba" to "Bonaparte". Napoleon initially considered himself a non French and hoped that one day the island of Corsica would become independent from France.
On December 15, 1778, he left his hometown for France. Entered Auden High School on January 1, 1779. Under the arrangement of his father Carlo Bonaparte, Napoleon entered the Brienne military academy in France for education at the age of 10. Napoleon was quite studious, but as an outsider from remote and colonial Corsica, his short stature often suffered from bullying from other local students. However, he was very resilient and tenacious, and through his unremitting efforts, he ultimately won the respect of many local students. During this period, Napoleon showed exceptional talent in mathematics, especially in geometry.
On October 19, 1784, Napoleon graduated with excellent grades from Brienne and was selected to attend the Paris Military Academy in France, specializing in artillery studies.
At the age of 16, his father passed away, and Napoleon, who came from a poor family, graduated early and joined the Raphael Legion, where he was awarded the rank of second lieutenant in artillery. During his time stationed with the troops in various places, he was addicted to various books, including works on Alexander's war history, applied physics, mathematics, architecture, records of the customs and traditions of various countries, and many works of Enlightenment thinkers, among which Rousseau's ideas had a great impact on him. In 1789, after the outbreak of the French Revolution, Napoleon returned to the island of Corsica, hoping to take the opportunity to promote its independence, but was strongly opposed by another pro British faction.

In 1791, the political situation in France was unpredictable and turbulent. In the early stages of the French Revolution, the constitutional monarchy, which represented the interests of the bourgeoisie and liberal aristocracy, seized power and established a constitutional monarchy. In 1791, King Louis XVI colluded with feudal reactionary forces abroad, but the conspiracy was exposed and the monarchy was abolished.
In 1792, Girondins, representing the great industrial and commercial bourgeoisie, came to power, and on September 22, the Kingdom of France was renamed the French Republic.
In 1793, Louis XVI was executed, and England and others formed the first anti French alliance. The French Revolution began to face a serious crisis.
In June 1793, the democratic and Jacobin factions, led by Robespierre and representing the interests of the French bourgeoisie, seized power, and the French Revolution reached its climax. In December, young Lieutenant Colonel Napoleon tested his skills and led his troops to defeat the royalist forces and the British army to win the Battle of Toulon. As a result, he gained recognition from the Jacobins and was promoted to brigadier general, which was the first time in European military history.
In 1794, Napoleon, who was involved in the hot moon coup, was investigated due to his close relationship with the Robespierre brothers. Later, he was dismissed from the rank of brigadier general due to his refusal to serve in the infantry units of the Italian Legion.
In 1795, he accepted the request of the Parisian governor Baras and successfully suppressed the armed rebellion of the royalist forces, which was known as the famous campaign to suppress the royalist movement. Napoleon was promoted overnight to Brigadier General of the Army and Commander of the Paris Garrison, beginning to make a name for himself in the military and political circles.

To show one's sharpness for the first time
Napoleon was an outstanding military strategist who had a deep understanding of military knowledge at the time. He was adept at applying various military strategies to actual combat, especially advocating for the centralized use of artillery and fully utilizing the mobility of cavalry.
On March 2, 1796, at the age of 26, Napoleon was appointed as the Commander in Chief of the Italian Front of the French Republic. On March 6th, he married the noblewoman Josephine Boarne and then hurried to the front line. In Italy, the French army under Napoleon's command repeatedly defeated Austrian generals such as Vilmze, Alvenci, and Bollier, ultimately forcing them to sign a ceasefire treaty favorable to the French Republic.
After achieving a great victory in northern Italy, Napoleon's prestige also grew, making him a popular hero of the French Republic. However, his rise made the Parisian government feel threatened. He was appointed as the commander of the Arab Indian Front (Eastern Army) of the French Republic and sent to the Middle East to curb British expansion in the region and attempt to control the Suez Canal and sea routes to Asia. In Napoleon's expedition, in addition to 2000 cannons, he also led 175 scholars from various fields, as well as hundreds of boxes of books and research equipment. During the expedition, Napoleon once issued a famous command: "Let the donkey carrying luggage and the scholar walk in the middle of the line."
In 1798, Napoleon launched an expedition to Egypt and occupied Alexandria. Faced with the brave and skilled Mamluk, Napoleon demonstrated extraordinary military talent and outstanding military literacy. In July, under the shadow of the Giza Pyramid, "Soldiers! Forty centuries have watched you on the pyramids!" (Napoleon's famous quote), the stunning results of the pyramid campaign cleared the obstacles to Cairo in one fell swoop and earned it a terrifying title among the Mamluks and Ottomans.Although he commanded the French army to achieve a complete victory on land, the French fleet was destroyed by British naval commander Horatio Nelson in the Battle of Abukir in August, and the land forces were trapped in Egypt. Napoleon marched into Syria and repelled Türkiye's army many times, but he encountered difficulties such as plague, scorching heat and supplies. Finally, he was hindered by the prolonged siege of Aker City. On May 17, he returned to Egypt and besieged and annihilated Türkiye's army in Abukir. Napoleon, to his death, still regretted not being able to capture the Castle of Acre. In his memoirs on Saint Helena, he said, "If the Castle of Acre falls soon, it will change the face of the world.".

First in power
At the time of Napoleon's expedition, the anti French alliance in Europe had gradually formed, and the power of the royalist party in the French Republic was also gradually increasing. In August 1799, Napoleon decided to immediately secretly return to Paris. In the dangerous Mediterranean return voyage, Napoleon cleverly avoided the patrol fleet of the British Royal Navy and successfully landed two months later. On October 7, 1799, Napoleon, who returned to France, was welcomed as the "savior". On November 9th, Napoleon, who gained the support and support of the masses, launched the Fuyue coup, which was a success and ended the cycle of various terrorist situations since the Great Revolution, becoming the consul of the First French Republic.
Napoleon subsequently carried out several major reforms in military, education, judiciary, administration, legislation, economy, and other areas. Among them, the most famous and still having a profound impact two centuries later was the promulgation of the Napoleonic Code, which was ordered by Napoleon to draft and formulate. Many provisions were personally discussed and ultimately promulgated by Napoleon himself.
The Code had a significant impact on the legislation of Western capitalist countries such as Germany, Spain, and Switzerland. In the third week after the coup, Napoleon solemnly issued a proclamation to the people, proudly declaring, "Citizens, the Revolution has returned to its original purpose, and the Revolution has come to an end." In addition, Napoleon also established the National Education System and Honorary Legion System, which have been preserved to this day.

Crowned as emperor
In June 1800, Napoleon, who served as the first ruler, personally led the army and crossed the Alps to defeat the Austrian army in Italy and Genoa, winning the famous Battle of Malengo. The Battle of Marengo was the first important battle commanded by Napoleon after he came to power. The victory of this battle has become a model, which is of great significance for consolidating the fragile bourgeois regime in France and strengthening Napoleon's ruling position.
On March 27, 1802, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens in Amiens, France. Britain and France temporarily suspended hostilities, and the Second Coalition Against France went bankrupt. Napoleon amended the Constitution of the Republic for eight years to become the Constitution of Napoleon, and changed it to lifelong rule. In May, the Anglo French contract was torn up and Britain declared war on France.
On November 6, 1804, a referendum passed the Constitution of the Twelfth Year of the Republic, and the French Republic was renamed the French Empire.
On December 2, 1804, Napoleon was crowned emperor. He took the crown from Pope Pius VII and personally put it on the heads of himself and his wife Josephine, symbolizing the "throne he had fought for" and thus became the "Emperor of the French.". In the same year, Napoleon appointed Kevin as the Cabinet Assistant Minister to oversee military and political affairs in Paris. One year later, he was crowned as the King of Italy by the Pope and annexed Genoa, making his stepson Eugene de Boarne the Vice Prince of Italy and managing Italy.

The Battle of England and France
Starting from 1803, Napoleon began to conceive of crossing the English Channel through the French Navy to land in England. He put a lot of effort into the war plan of invading Britain, appointed some experienced commanders in the navy, and assembled a large fleet composed of France, Spain, and the Netherlands. However, due to Napoleon's lack of proficiency in naval warfare and the appointment of the wrong commander, coupled with the stubborn resistance of the Royal Navy, the plan ultimately failed.
In October 1805, during the Battle of Trafalgar, the commander of the British Royal Navy, Nelson, was killed, but the commander of the French army, Villeneuve, was captured, and the massive French Spanish Combined Fleet was completely destroyed. From then on, France lost the opportunity to compete with Britain for hegemony at sea. Due to Britain's efforts to understand the maritime encirclement, it began to provoke countries on the European continent such as Austria and Russia to form the Third Anti French Alliance, forcing Napoleon to abandon his plan to invade Britain.
British military theorist Fuller commented in "Military History of the Western World": "In any way, the Battle of Trafalgar was a memorable battle that had a wide-ranging impact on history. It completely shattered Napoleon's dream of conquering Britain. The century long naval war between Britain and France came to an end. It made Britain a maritime empire that lasted for more than a century." Established Britain's maritime hegemony for the next 100 years, and gave a shot in the arm to the monarchs of Prussia, Russia, and Austria who were terrified by Napoleon. As British historian Wilson said in "Cambridge Modern History": "The Battle of Trafalgar was a decisive battle in the Napoleonic Wars of 1799-1813."

The pinnacle of life
In August 1805, Austria, Britain, and Russia formed the Third Anti French Alliance. At the end of August, Russian general Kutuzov and the Austrian coalition advanced towards Ulm, Bavaria. Napoleon left Paris on September 24th and personally led his troops eastward. On October 12th, the French army occupied Munich. On October 17th, the First French Empire and the Austrian Empire achieved victory in the Battle of Ulm after a fierce battle, and the Anti French Alliance surrendered.
Subsequently, on December 2, 1805, the first anniversary of Napoleon's coronation, the First French Empire defeated the superior force of 90000 Russian Austrian troops with a weak force of 70000, achieving a significant victory in the Battle of Austerlitz, severely damaging both Austria and Russia, and reversing Prussian attitudes towards France. Due to the fact that the emperors of the French Empire, Holy Roman Empire, and Russian Empire personally participated in this battle, it was also known as the "Battle of the Three Emperors". This battle achieved the pinnacle of Napoleon's life and led to the disintegration of the anti French alliance once again. Napoleon abolished the title of Holy Roman Empire from the Austrian Empire, bringing an end to the long history of the Shenluo Empire. Napoleon subsequently united the various feudal states within Germany to form the Rhine Federation, placing it under his own protection.
In the autumn of 1806, Britain, the Russian Empire, and the Kingdom of Prussia formed the Fourth Anti French Alliance. On October 14, 1806, Napoleon led his army to fight against Prussia. In the Battle of Jena, he gathered 90000 troops to launch an attack on the Prussian army, but did not encounter the main force of the Prussian army. In Olstadt, Marshal Davu of the French army, with a disadvantage of 20000 troops, encountered a main force of 50000 under the personal command of the King of Prussia. Marshal Davu fought hard to command these 20000 troops and defeated the Prussian army, almost completely annihilating the Prussian army. King Frederick William III and Queen Louise fled in a hurry. Napoleon seized most of Germany's territory and captured the capital Berlin. In June 1807, the French army suffered a major defeat against the Russian army in the battles of Ailao and Friedland in Poland. Napoleon met with Tsar Alexander I of Russia and the two sides signed a peace treaty.

French Emperor Napoleon I also served as the king of Italy, protector of the Rhine Federation, and arbitrator of the Swiss Confederation. In 1806, he conferred upon his elder brother Joseph Bonaparte the title of king of Naples and his fourth brother Louis Bonaparte the title of king of the Netherlands; In 1807, he conferred the title of King of Westphalia on his younger brother Jerome Bonaparte. From then on, the dominant position of the First French Empire on the European continent was established.
In 1808, King Carlos IV of Spain faced military and civilian opposition and was forced to abdicate to his son Ferdinand VII on March 19 of the same year. In March 1808, under the pretext of protecting Spanish territory and resolving royal conflicts, French troops entered Spain and occupied the capital city of Madrid. Napoleon forced Ferdinand VII to abdicate and made his elder brother Joseph Bonaparte the king of Spain from Naples, leading to a large-scale riot in Spain. France deployed a large number of troops in Spain, but faced strong resistance from the Spanish military and civilians. Coupled with scattered forces, continuous guerrilla warfare, and raids, the French army suffered unbearably. Napoleon had to deploy troops to Spain to suppress the Madrid Uprising. Britain intervened in the Spanish dispute in 1808 and landed in the Bay of Montego on August 8th, occupying the entire Portugal on August 30th. Subsequently, with the support of local nationalists, the Duke of Wellington gradually drove the French army out of the Iberian Peninsula. The French army was caught in a dilemma of fighting on two fronts, with the western front fighting on the Iberian Peninsula and the eastern front engaging in anti French alliances.
Just as the French army was mired in the quagmire of Spain, the Fifth Anti French Alliance was formed in early 1809. The Austrian Empire launched a surprise attack on France's territory in the Rhine region from behind, forcing Napoleon to withdraw from Spain and lead his army to the east. The French army achieved five victories in five battles from April 19th to 23rd, defeating the Austrian army greatly. They occupied Vienna on May 13th, and Napoleon and the army commanded by Duke Karl clashed in the Battle of Aspen Esling. The French army was defeated, and the famous general, Marshal Lana, who was like a right-hand man, died in battle. The French army suffered casualties and was captured by more than 30000 people, and was forced to withdraw to the island of Lobau. The Austrian army suffered more than 20000 casualties.
In the Battle of Wagram from July 5th to 6th, Napoleon successfully turned the tables and led the French army to once again achieve a decisive victory. Seize the capital of Austria, Vienna, and force Austria to sign the Vienna Treaty, ceding land once again.
In January 1810, Napoleon divorced Josephine Boarne. [47]
In April 1810, Napoleon decided to rest his troops and marry Austrian Princess Mary Louise, forming an alliance between France and Austria, and the First French Empire reached its peak. Napoleon became the hegemon of Europe, on par with Caesar the Great and Alexander the Great.

Mistakenly attacking Russia
Napoleon was constantly thinking of ruling the entire Europe. Only Russia was not under his control on the European continent, and Napoleon understood that only by trampling on Russia could he conquer England. In May 1812, Napoleon led a force of 570000 in 12 languages to expedition to Russia. Napoleon successively achieved victories in the battles of Smolensk, Valutino, and Vitysk, defeating the Russian troops that prevented him.
On September 7, 1812, Napoleon led the French army to an extremely difficult and massive tactical victory in the Battle of Borodino, but both sides suffered heavy losses. The excellent commander of the Russian army, Prince Bagration, and artillery commander, Kulesov, died in battle. On September 16th, Napoleon entered Moscow. However, in terms of strategy, Russian commanders Kutuzov, Barclay, and other manpower opposed public opinion, abandoned the capital, and withdrew with Tsar Alexander I, along with the remaining senior Russian generals and most of the residents, gradually penetrating deep into Russia's hinterland and adopting a strategy of clearing the enemy's territory, saving the remaining active forces of the Russian army.
Napoleon originally thought that Alexander I would compromise, but he did not expect that the entire city of Moscow would be engulfed in flames. At the same time, the cold winter in Russia became Napoleon's biggest resistance. Due to the insufficient supply of French supplies and the dispersion of troops, the Russian army ushered in a major turning point. Kutuzov waited patiently and took advantage of this opportunity to constantly attack the French army. In several weeks of disastrous battles, the French army, which had an advantage, either died in battle or froze to death. In the end, less than 30000 people returned to France.

Struggling in Rhine
After Napoleon's disastrous defeat on the Russian battlefield, Alexander I decided to immediately and completely defeat France and dominate Europe. However, when the Russian army pursued the remnants of the French army, they themselves were also greatly attacked by the French army. Therefore, Alexander I decided to form an anti French alliance once again.
In order to obstruct the establishment of the Anti French Alliance, Napoleon hoped that Swedish Crown Prince Bernardo would join the French side, but was refused. He also appointed his wife, Princess Louise of Austria, as the Regent of the Empire to contain Austria. However, in 1813, Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Sweden formed the Sixth Anti French Alliance, and the two sides engaged in multiple fierce battles in the Rhine region.
Napoleon quickly regained his strength and won several victories, including the Battle of L ü tzen and the Battle of B ö tzen. However, the pressure on Napoleon grew stronger. After a brief ceasefire, with Austria falling into the anti French alliance, the strength of the coalition exceeded that of Napoleon's French army. In August, Napoleon achieved victory in the Battle of Dresden, the capital of the Kingdom of Saxony, but was unable to expand his achievements due to a lack of cavalry.
In the Battle of Leipzig, the French army concentrated 155000 troops, and the Allied forces were twice as strong as the French army. Although Marshal Mura's cavalry initially caused the emperors of Russia, Austria, and Prussia to flee on horseback, the Saxon army defected due to the Allied forces dividing Leipzig into six routes. At this time, the French artillery had also been depleted, and Napoleon was forced to retreat. On the way back, the French army suffered a major blow from the coalition forces, leaving only 56000 remaining remnants and defeated generals. The Rhine Federation soon disintegrated and the coalition forces advanced towards France. [1]
In 1814, the Anti French Alliance once again proposed a ceasefire condition, which was to restore France's territory to its state in 1790. Napoleon regarded it as an insult and refused to accept it. He reorganized his army to fight again, but the French army only had 100000 soldiers, while the coalition had 350000.

In the city of Brenner (Brienne), Napoleon commanded his army to defeat the Prussian army, restoring the low morale since the Battle of Leipzig. At the La Rotiere River, the French army engaged in another battle with the Allied forces. Although they were defeated, the French army showed immense courage. Napoleon commanded the French army to defeat the anti French Allied forces in places such as Champopel, Montmiray, Ch â teau Th â teau è re, and Vozanne. His military talent was greatly demonstrated, and his tactical talent was also fully demonstrated. However, he mistakenly divided the attacking forces into two routes in strategy, resulting in a smooth road for the Allied forces to Paris.
On March 31, 1814, Paris was occupied, and the Allied forces demanded unconditional surrender from France, while Napoleon had to abdicate. Napoleon hoped to have his son, the King of Rome, inherit the throne in the name of Napoleon II, but was rejected by the Anti French Alliance. On April 11th, Napoleon declared unconditional surrender and signed an abdication decree at the Fontainebleau Palace in Paris on April 13th, leading to the downfall of the First French Empire. Napoleon himself was exiled to the small island of Elba in the Mediterranean after abdication. Napoleon retained the title of "Emperor", but his territory was limited to the island of Elba. [9]
Famous quote: Able was I ere I saw Elba Before I saw Elba Island, I was invincible
Napoleon was almost assassinated on his way to Elba Island. In Paris, Louis XVIII returned to France and became the king of the Kingdom of France again, leading to the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty. Napoleon's wife and son were placed under house arrest by Austrians, and there were rumors that Napoleon would be exiled to a small island in the Atlantic. Napoleon had no choice but to closely monitor the changes in the situation in France.
On February 26, 1815, Napoleon escaped from the island of Elba and returned to France with 700 soldiers on March 1.
Originally sent by Louis XVIII to stop him, the French army saw Napoleon and quickly returned to his side. Napoleon's return was warmly welcomed by the military and civilians. The king repeatedly sent troops to intercept him, but most of the troops defected when they saw him. The civil and military ministers such as Kangbarrez, Dawu, Mare, Ney, and Surt returned to his side. On March 20, 1815, when Napoleon returned to Paris, he already had a regular army of 140000 and a volunteer army of 200000. Louis XVIII fled in a panic, marking the beginning of the Hundred Days Dynasty.

The Hundred Day Dynasty
European countries quickly formed the Seventh Anti French Alliance, with a total of 700000 troops, while France only had 284000. Napoleon analyzed the situation and believed that the Russian Austrian coalition only needed to be restrained by a small number of troops, with a focus on the Anglo Prussian coalition in Belgium. He led his army north to Belgium and decided to capture Brussels. [9]
On June 16, 1815, Napoleon unexpectedly defeated the Prussian army in the Battle of Linny, injuring Brucher. However, due to various factors, the remaining Prussian army fled, and the Battle of Linny turned into a crushing battle. He had no choice but to send Marshal Grouchy to lead the army in pursuit of the Prussian army.
On June 18, 1815, the Battle of Waterloo began. The commander of the British army is the Duke of Wellington. 72000 French and 68000 British soldiers fought a decisive battle near the town of Waterloo, which changed the 19th century.
The main attack direction of the French army was the Saint John's Highlands. Due to the fact that most of the French generals who had the ability to command the army did not participate in this battle, there were many incompetent commanders in the French army, including Napoleon's brother Jerome, so the Highlands were never captured. In the long battle of defeat, Marshal Neue led his cavalry to launch a cavalry charge towards the highlands of Mount St. John, which was no less than the Moscow Battery and Leipzig Campaign. Although the cavalry charge had no tactics, they were truly unstoppable. The French cavalry almost broke through the phalanx and seized a large number of batteries, causing heavy casualties for the British army and the fall of La Haisan. The British army still fought hard to resist the French army's fierce attack. Although Napoleon's victory was within reach, he saw the Prussian army reinforce here at noon, while the savior, French Marshal Grouchy, was delayed.

Both the British and French armies suffered heavy casualties, but the French army had already gained the upper hand. However, at 7 pm, the Prussian army, led by Deputy Commander Bilo, suddenly emerged and launched a total attack. At this time, the standby British reserve team also launched a general attack. The French army suffered a disastrous defeat, and they desperately fled. Despite Napoleon and Nee's attempts to turn the tide, they were ineffective. The last French army formation had already been destroyed, and Waterloo was full of deserters. Napoleon had to follow the army and perish. The disastrous defeat in the Battle of Waterloo led to the complete collapse of the Hundred Days Dynasty.
After Napoleon's defeat, the French people and his ministers strongly demanded his dictatorship and the overthrow of the parliament that forced him to abdicate. However, Napoleon was aware that the bourgeoisie had abandoned him. Therefore, he refused to launch a people's resistance war.
On June 23, 1815, Napoleon abdicated and surrendered to the captain of the Bellerophon on the French coast. The British were very rude to him and decided to exile him to Saint Helena, without leaving him with the title of emperor.

In October 1815, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, and he selected three counts of Bertrand, Montrond, and Las Vegas, as well as General Gulgo, to accompany him.
On October 17, 1815, Napoleon arrived at Saint Helena Island, which was separated from the African continent by the sea. After Napoleon landed, he temporarily resided at the home of British businessman Balcombe. Later, he also owned a Longwood estate, where he lived. He began to devote himself to writing memoirs, which he orally recorded and organized by the Count of Las Vegas.
The story about Napoleon's "escape from chess hiding" is a legend, which actually originated from an exquisite set of chess given to him by British officer Elfinstone, with the aim of thanking Napoleon for treating his captured brother well during the Battle of Waterloo. This historical fact gradually became various versions of legends later on. Saint Helena was far from the land and was closely monitored by the British army. Napoleon's old subordinates had already passed away or attached themselves to Bourbon, and he himself had no intention of fighting in Europe.
On May 5, 1821, Napoleon passed away on the island. On May 8th, amidst the sound of salutes, this conqueror was buried next to the Tobet Spring on Saint Helena Island.
There are various opinions on the cause of Napoleon's death, and an autopsy report by doctors in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland shows that he died of severe stomach ulcers; There are also studies that have found that Napoleon's arsenic content in his body exceeds the target by 100 times, and historians have discovered minerals containing arsenic from wallpapers favored by nobles back then, speculating that it was due to the humid environment that arsenic seeped out of the environment;
There is even a theory that Count Montrond, due to being bribed by the British and eager to inherit a portion of Napoleon's legacy, added arsenic to Napoleon's wine for a long time, causing him to suffer chronic poisoning. [11]
In the ninth year after his death (1830), the Orleans dynasty, under pressure from the people, re erected the statue of Napoleon on the Wandom cylinder. In 1840, King Louis Philippe of the July Dynasty in France sent his son to retrieve Napoleon's coffin. On December 15th of the same year, Napoleon's coffin was welcomed back to Paris, France. After passing through the Arc de Triomphe, it was solemnly buried at the Veterans Retirement Home (Paris Honorary Military Academy) on the banks of the Seine River in Paris.