From 1517 to 1546 AD, Martin Luther strongly protested against the Roman Catholic Church and launched a religious reform movement.
The religious reform movement he initiated and led swept across Europe, permanently ending the Roman Catholic Church's feudal theocratic rule over Western Europe. This is a political movement launched under the guise of religion to oppose feudal rule and Roman Catholic theocracy.

Martin Luther's Reformation.
His religious teachings provided revolutionary ideological weapons for the emerging bourgeoisie. Engels believed that Luther was a giant of his time, and he deserved this honor.

1. Economic roots (fundamental reasons): With the development of commodity economy and capitalism in Western Europe, the Catholic Church has become the biggest obstacle to the development of capitalism.
It is a requirement to establish a unified country and domestic market, manifested in: (1) the political sphere: the growth of national consciousness and the rise of authoritarian monarchs. (2) In the economic field, autocratic monarchs, bankers and merchants, small and medium-sized nobles, emerging bourgeoisie, and lower class poor all want to improve their economic situation by opposing the church. (3) In the field of thought, the humanistic ideas promoted by early Christian thought and movements challenged Catholicism.
2. Direct cause: corruption and plundering of the Catholic Church.
3. Political factors: The formation of a nation-state requires breaking the situation of the Catholic Church's "unification of the world".
4. Cultural factors: The Renaissance promoted intellectual liberation.
5. Trigger: The Pope sells indulgences.

1. Root cause: In the 15th and 16th centuries, capitalism emerged in Germany.
2. The main reason is the Roman Catholic Church's theocratic rule and economic plunder of Germany.
3. Direct cause trigger: In 1517, the Pope sent people to Germany to sell indulgences.
4. The rapid rise of the budding capitalism.
5. Condition: Invention of printing technology.

Break free from the shackles of the Roman Catholic Church and establish a national church that promotes national rejuvenation.

1. Start: "Ninety five Theses"
Date: October 31, 1517
Location: Wittenburg Cathedral
Content: The Pope has no right to pardon, he can only declare and confirm God's forgiveness of sins. The Pope sells indulgences (tokens of forgiveness) and implements the practice of making a sound when money falls into the money box, which increases greed and desire for wealth. Christians who sincerely repent can forgive and be exempt from punishment without the use of indulgences or indulgences.
Meaning: It marked the beginning of the Reformation and sparked a wave of German national opposition to the Roman Catholic Church.
2. In 1520, Martin Luther published his reform proposals, including the "Letter to the Christian Aristocracy in Germany".

1. The core of thought is' justification by faith '
2. Everyone is equal before God and the Bible.
3. The basis of faith is the Bible. This reflects the emerging bourgeoisie's desire for freedom and equality, as well as their anti feudal ideology.
4. Reduce churches and monasteries, simplify religious rituals, and advocate that priests can marry. This reflects the demand of the emerging bourgeoisie to establish a "cheap church" and engage in primitive capital accumulation.
5. The secular power is higher than the religious power and ultimately dominates the religious power.
6. Establish a local (German) church. It expresses the political demand of the emerging bourgeoisie to completely break free from the control of the Roman Catholic Church, strengthen royal power, and achieve national unity.

It was a political movement launched by the Western European bourgeoisie under the guise of religion, opposing feudal rule and the Roman Catholic Church.

1. Politically; It has undermined the theocratic rule of the Catholic Church, deprived the Church of its political and economic rights in various countries, strengthened the monarchy of each country, and benefited the development of nation states.
2. Economically, ethical norms and ways of life adapted to the needs of the bourgeoisie were established, and a large amount of property originally belonging to the church was seized, which was conducive to the development of capitalist economy.
3. Spiritual culture: ① broke the spiritual monopoly of the Catholic Church, liberated people's minds, and developed humanism. ② Helping Protestants read the Bible and develop their own culture, various countries generally attach importance to education, establish schools, increase learning subjects including natural sciences, and promote the development of ethnic culture and education in Western European countries Spread the ideology of the bourgeoisie. Provided a banner for early bourgeois revolutions (the bourgeois revolutions in Nepal and England dealt a heavy blow to the Catholic Church's theocratic rule in Europe).

1. Promoted the anti feudal struggle of the masses and dealt a heavy blow to the Catholic Church and feudal forces.
2. Germany established the principle of "religion follows the country" and formed a new form of Protestant Lutheranism.
3. Beneficial for the development of the German national language.
4. This paved the way for religious reform in other European countries and regions.