Martin Luther (1483-1546) was the initiator of the European Reformation movement in the 16th century, the founder of Protestantism, and a religious reformer. He studied law at Erfurt University, entered the Augustinian Church to study theology in 1505, and became a priest in 1507. After obtaining a doctoral degree in theology in 1512, he served as a professor of theology at the University of Wittenburg. In 1517, he wrote the Ninety Five Theses, opposing the sale of indulgences by the Roman Catholic Church and opening the prelude to religious reform. He emphasizes justification by faith in theology, claiming that people can directly read the Bible to obtain divine revelation. Advocate the use of ethnic languages for religious ceremonies, translate the Bible into German, and use the authority of the Bible to resist the authority of the Pope.

Luther was born in Eisleben, Germany in 1483. He studied in places such as Mansfield, Magdeburg, and Eisenach, and entered the University of Leipzig in 1501. The following year, he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree and a Master's degree in 1505. He was dedicated to researching scholarly philosophy. In May 1505, he entered the Law School of Elford University and prepared to work as a lawyer. In July of the same year, he entered the hermit monastery of the Erfurt Order and became a monk. In 1507, he was ordained as a priest. In 1508, he was hired as a lecturer by the University of Wittenburg. After obtaining a doctoral degree in theology in 1512, he held a permanent lecture on biblical studies at the University of Wittenburg and also managed church work.
Around 1517, Pope Leo X sent John Tetzel to various parts of Germany to sell ransom vouchers and accumulate wealth, which caused great dissatisfaction among many nobles and citizens. So, on October 31, 1517 (some say November 1), Luther posted the "Ninety Five Theses" on the door of the Cathedral of the Castle of Wittenburg in an academic debate, which received support from all walks of life and also angered the Vatican. In August 1518, Luther was ordered to go to Rome for trial. The following year, Luther published several articles, including "An Open Letter to the German Christian Aristocrats on the Reform of the Church's Privilege System", "On the Babylonian Prisoners of the Church", and "On the Freedom of Christians", openly stating that the Pope had no right to interfere with secular power, claiming that if the Church could not carry out reforms on its own, the state power should be saved, and calling the Roman Church "the largest thief and robber in the world under the banner of the Holy Church and St. Peter.". He also explicitly pointed out that the Pope is not the ultimate interpreter of the Bible, and every believer can directly communicate with God and become a priest without the need for a priest as an intermediary.

Leo X announced his expulsion from Lutheranism in October 1520. With the support of the lords and citizens, Luther decided to openly confront and wrote an article titled "The Edict Against the Antichrist". On December 10th, he publicly burned the Pope's Edict and some of his teachings. At that time, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V hoped to gain the support of the Pope and oppose Luther's reforms in order to compete politically with France. Therefore, at the Imperial Council in 1521, it was decided to execute the papal edict and convict Luther. However, due to the opposition of the attending lords and Luther's strong stance during the interrogation, the meeting ultimately decided to let Luther leave first, then convicted and issued an arrest warrant. On his way back, Luther was sent to Fort Watt for protection by the Elector of Saxony through robbery and kidnapping. During his seclusion in Fort Watt, Luther devoted himself to the German translation of the Bible. At this point, Luther's supporters had already taken action, and the Reformation movement was rapidly developing like a wildfire.
In March 1522, Luther returned from Wattsburg to Wittenburg, blaming the supporters who took action for being "excessive.". He declared in his preaching that he opposed the use of violence to reform the church. In the same year, some small and medium-sized nobles who supported Luther launched an uprising led by the humanitarian poet Huden and the knight Jikingen. When Huden invited Luther to meet with Ziggen, Luther replied, "I don't want to rely on violence and bloodshed to uphold the gospel." In the 1529 Marburg talks, Luther rejected suggestions from all parties, including Zwingli, for internal reconciliation and unity against the Roman Catholic Church, and split with the Swiss Reformists.

Luther was one of the main founders of Protestantism in terms of faith and institutions. Since the first hymn of Wittenburg was published in 1524, many of his sacred poems are still famous to this day. The catechism Q&A he wrote in 1529 and the Augsburg Creed he participated in formulating in 1530 both hold extremely important historical positions. He started his Bible translation and revision work in Fort Watt and never dropped out for over 20 years. This work not only has significant religious reform implications, but also represents an important milestone in the history of German language and literature. On the issue of sacraments, he only recognized baptism and communion as two of the seven sacraments recognized by the traditional church in 1520, which was opposed by King Henry VIII of England at the time. In the future, Luther's views on this aspect also tended to be conservative, mainly reflected in the etiquette reforms he presided over, which still retained some ancient traditions.
Luther's main theological views can be summarized as follows: 1 The Way of God. 2. Theology of the Cross. 3. Gospel and Law. 4. Church and sacraments. 5. Two countries.