The Holy Roman Empire (German: Heiliges R ö misches Reich; Latin: Sacrum Roman Empire) was officially called the Roman Empire (Latin: Imperial Rome) from 962 to 1157, and was renamed the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1512, Finally, from 1512 to 1806, it was named the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation (German: Heiliges R ö misches Reich deutscher Nation; Latin: Sacrum Romanorum Imperium nationis Germanicae) because of the rise of the consciousness of the German people, the main nation of the empire.
The Holy Roman Empire was a country in Western and Central Europe from 962 to 1806. Its territory was centered on Germania, including some surrounding areas. At its peak, it included northern Italy, Burgundy and Fricia (now a lowland country). In the early days of its establishment, the empire was an ordinary feudal monarchy, and the emperor had actual power. Later, it gradually became a loose political alliance composed of hundreds of smaller states in the name of a state.
In 1356, Charles IV issued a golden imperial edict, confirming that the emperor must be elected by the seven electors. In the middle and late period of the empire, the Habsburg dynasty of the Austrian Grand Duchy monopolized the throne of the Holy Roman Empire for 400 years through royal marriage and money bribery. Vienna, the capital of Austria, also became the actual capital of the empire.
In 1806, under the order of Napoleon Bonaparte, Franz II gave up the title of Holy Roman Emperor on August 6, retaining only the title of Austrian Emperor, and the Holy Roman Empire was destroyed.

It is customary to take the year of 911 as the beginning of the transformation from the Kingdom of East Frankfurt to the Kingdom of Germany. In this year, the king of the East Frank Kingdom "Child Louis" died without children. Conrad I, Duke of Frank, was elected king, and he was the first German king. Later, Otto I succeeded to the throne. In 1962, German King Otto I was crowned emperor by Pope John XII in Rome, and was called the "Roman Emperor". The German kingdom was called the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation", which was the ancient German empire, or the first empire. By the time of Frederick I in the 12th century, the empire had become the strongest country in Europe. Frederick I added the word "holy". In 1806, the empire was overthrown by Napoleon I.
Sacrum Romanorum Imperium nationis Germanicae, a feudal empire in medieval Europe. 962 A.D. The German king, Otto I of Saxony, was crowned emperor by Pope John XII in Rome (962-973), and became the guardian of Rome and the supreme ruler of the Roman Catholic world.
Since 1157, the empire has been called the Holy Roman Empire. In its heyday, the empire's territory included modern Germany, Austria, northern and central Italy, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, eastern France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland.
The imperial rulers claimed to be the successors of the Roman Empire and Charlemagne and expanded abroad. In the 11th and 12th centuries, the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope fought fiercely for the succession of bishops. This was not only a struggle for the control of the church, but also a struggle between the central monarchy and the local feudal separatist forces. Nevertheless, throughout the Middle Ages, the empire and the church had always cooperated closely in maintaining the feudal system.
In order to dominate Europe, the imperial rulers invaded Italy many times, and the protracted war consumed the strength of the empire. During the reign of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, the central power declined, and there was a lack of economic ties between various parts of the country. The empire became an unconsolidated alliance of feudal principalities and free markets that recognized the emperor's supreme power.
1254-1273 is a vacancy period in German history. During this period, disputes and infighting among various lords, knights and cities continued. At the end of the 13th century, there were many independent feudal lords in the empire. The emperor had no jurisdiction over the feudal lords outside his territory.

In 1356, Charles IV issued a golden imperial edict, confirming that the emperor must be elected by the seven electors.
After the second half of the 13th century, as Burgundy and northern Italy separated from the empire, its territory was mainly limited to German speaking areas.
From the beginning of the 15th century, the empire began to be divided, and the throne was occupied by the Habsburg dynasty of Austria.
Since 1474, the empire has been called the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation, and has become a political combination with a false name.
At the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century, the emperor Maximilian I tried to revive the empire, but failed. Roman Catholic and German feudal rulers increasingly exploited and oppressed farmers and citizens.
The religious reform movement and the German peasant war broke out at the beginning of the 16th century. The peasant war was the apex of the religious reform movement. After the religious reform, the empire was actually divided into the east, north and middle of Lutheran faith; The Calvinist west, part of the southwest, and the Catholic south.
In 1806, under Napoleon's coercion and inducement, 16 state members of the Holy Roman Empire signed the Treaty of the Rhine Confederacy, leaving the empire and joining the Rhine Confederacy. At the same time, in order to attract more countries to join the Confederacy, Napoleon decided to personally end the Holy Roman Empire. Therefore, he issued an ultimatum to Emperor Franz II, demanding that he dissolve the Holy Roman Empire and give up the title of Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Roman people.

In 293, the Roman emperor Dioclee first adopted the system of four emperors, dividing the empire into the east and the west, and then the empire was divided into two parts. Till 395, Theodosius I divided the empire into two sons, and then divided it into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. The capital of the Western Roman Empire is Ravenna, and the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire is Constantinople.
But what is interesting is that the Eastern and Western Roman empires were not hostile to each other. Instead, they cooperated closely in many aspects and shared the same spirit. In the following decades, the city of Rome was repeatedly captured and bloodwashed by Alaric I and Vandals of the Visigoth Kingdom, and the strength and dignity of the Western Roman Empire fell sharply.
In 476, the Western Roman Empire was completely disintegrated. The last Roman emperor himself issued the abdication edict, declaring that the Western Roman Empire no longer existed, and that all the colonies of the empire could be independent.
The Eastern Roman Empire was retained, which was later known as the "Byzantine Empire".

Charlemagne Empire
The Treaty of Verdun divided the Charlemagne Empire into three parts
Although the Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476, its emperor was deposed by the Visigoths. However, the Roman rule in Paris lasted until 486. In that year, Clovis, the leader of a branch of the Franks of the Germanic nation, completely defeated the Romans and established the Melovian dynasty, the Frankish kingdom.
After that, the Frankish Kingdom continued to develop and grow. Under the rule of Charlemagne of the Carolingian Dynasty, the Kingdom reached its peak and conquered the territory of France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Northern Italy, Bohemia, western Austria, and the northeast corner of the Iberian Peninsula.
In 800, Charlemagne was crowned the "Emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo III during his worship in Rome, and the entire Frankish Kingdom was also called Charlemagne Empire. The Western Roman Empire was thus restored in the form of the transfer of the throne to the Frankish king.
Charlemagne Empire at least theoretically laid the foundation for the Holy Roman Empire of later generations, until the Holy Roman Empire was canceled in 1806. Pope Leo III believed that the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 marked the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire. However, most people still believed that the empire at that time should be called the Frankish Empire.
In 840, Louis I, the son of Charlemagne, died and his empire fell apart.
In 843, Louis I's three sons concluded the Treaty of Verdun, which divided the country into three parts. Among them, Lotaire I (795-855), the eldest grandson of Charlemagne, inherited the title of emperor, and acquired the territory from the south of the lower reaches of the Rhine River, through the Rhone River basin, and the central region of Italy, which is called the Middle Franks Kingdom. His younger brother Louis (804-876), known as the German Louis, shared the region east of the Rhine River and was called the Kingdom of East Franks. Another brother, bald Charlie, owns the western region, which is called the Kingdom of West France.

Carolingian dynasty
The predecessor of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of East Franks
The predecessor of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of East Franks
After the death of Charlemagne, the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire was always held by the Carolingian monarchs of the Eastern and Western Franks. At first, the crown of the Carolingian Dynasty was contested between the West and East Franks. As a trophy, it fell to the bald Charles in the west and the fat Charles in the east.
After the fat Charlie was deposed in 887, the Carolingian Empire collapsed and was never unified again. After the death of the fat Charlie in 888, according to Regino of Pr ü m, each part of the empire elected a "kinglet" from within.
Since the fat Charlie, the title holders of Roman imperial emperors were mostly Italian kings crowned by the pope. The actual ruling scope of Italian kings is extremely limited, which is limited to the northeast of Italy. Those kings are almost all Italian local nobles. The last such emperor died in Italy in 924, Belengar I.
ottonian dynasty
In about 900 years, the local forces of the Eastern Frankish Kingdom rose and formed four principalities with four Germanic tribes as their matrixes, namely Saxony, Frankia, Swaben and Bavaria.
When the last king of the Carolingian family, Tong Lu Yi, died in 911, the eastern French nobles did not choose the members of the Carolingian family as Louis's successors, but elected Conrad of Franconia as the new king. On his deathbed, Conrad appointed Henry I, the Duke of Saxony, as his successor.
In 919, Henry, Duke of Saxony, was elected as the king of the East Franks among the many dukes of the East Franks. After Henry died, his son Otto I succeeded to the throne of King of East France.
Henry died in 936, but his descendants, the kings of the Otto family, continued to rule the Kingdom of East France for about a century. Otto I, Henry's designated successor, was elected king in Aachen in 936. He quelled a series of rebellions launched by his elder brother and some dukes. After that, the king successfully controlled the appointment and removal of dukes, and often appointed bishops to manage administrative affairs.
In 951, Otto I helped Adelaide (an Italian widow queen) defeat her enemies. He then married her and took control of Italy.
In 955, Otto I won a decisive victory in the battle of Lechtheid against the Mazars.
In 962, Otto I, the king of East France and the Otto dynasty, was crowned emperor by Pope John XII in Rome. Until 973, he became the guardian and emperor of Rome and the supreme ruler of the Roman Catholic world.

Since then, the affairs of the Germanic Kingdom have been related to Italy and the Holy See
Things got tangled up. Otto's coronation ceremony made the German kings the successors of the Charlemagne Empire, and also made them the successors of ancient Rome through the principle of empire inheritance.
The kingdom has no fixed capital, and the king keeps going back and forth to deal with government affairs (called Kaiserpfalz). However, every king had his favorite place, which was Magdeburg for Otto I. The throne continued to pass on in the form of election, but before the kings died, their descendants were often elected as the next king, which made it possible for their families to retain the throne for a long time. This feature lasted until the end of the Salian dynasty in the 12th century.
This also renewed the conflict with the Eastern Roman emperor of Constantinople, especially after Otto II, the son of Otto I, claimed to be the Roman emperor. Nevertheless, Otto II still kept his marriage relationship with the Eastern Roman Empire by marrying the Byzantine Princess Theophanu. Their son Otto III paid attention to Italy and the Holy See and carried out extensive diplomacy, but he died young in 1002.
His cousin Henry II succeeded him, and he focused on the internal affairs of Germany.
Salian dynasty
In 1024, after the death of Otto Emperor Henry II, Conrad II from Franknia was elected as the king of East France, and was crowned the emperor of the Roman Empire in 1027.
During the reign of the dynasty, there was a fierce struggle with the pope for the right to assume office. It is worth noting that during this period, "the king of the Romans" (Latin: Rex Romanorum) replaced the king of the East Franks and became the title of the winner of the uncrowned emperor for the first time. This was Henry IV's response to Pope Gregory VII, who was crowned king when he was young. The latter attempted to deny the universality of the uncrowned king ruling Rome by calling the young king "the king of the German" or "the king of the Teutonic", so as to establish the superiority of the Holy See over the empire
In 1125, Henry V, the last monarch, died without children and the dynasty ended.
Investiture Controversy
Kings often hired bishops to manage administrative affairs and decide on candidates for appointment to the church. In the early days of Cluny's reform, the Holy See increasingly believed that such ultra vires were inappropriate. Pope Gregory VII, who was very concerned about the reform of Cluny, was determined to oppose such acts, which led to a dispute with King Henry IV over the right of bishop succession. The king opposed the pope's interference and persuaded the bishops to depose him. The pope in turn expelled the king, deposed the king and relieved Henry of his oath of loyalty.
Finding himself politically helpless, the king had to force himself to take the famous trip to Kanosha in 1077, and restored his religious membership at the cost of humiliation. Meanwhile, the German principalities have elected another king: Rudolf of Swabia. Henry succeeded in defeating him, but in the end, he encountered more uprisings, was re excommunicated, and even the rebellion launched by his own son.
His second son Henry V successfully reached a religious agreement with the pope and bishops in 1122. The political power of the empire was retained, but this conflict showed that the power of all rulers was limited, especially those related to the church, and the king's previous status as a saint was cancelled. Since then, the popes and principalities have occupied an equally important position in the political system of the empire.