Henry III (October 1, 1207 – November 16, 1272) was the fourth English king of the Plantagenet dynasty (reigning from 1216 to 1272). Although he reigned for a considerable period of time, he was one of the most unnamed kings in English history.

Henry III was the eldest son of King John (known as the "Landless King") and Isabella of Angoulim. John was only nine years old when he died. The Earls of England who opposed John were preparing to support French Prince Louis in invading England and overthrowing John. John's untimely death provided them with a peaceful solution to the problem: they quickly crowned John's son Henry as king. During Henry's youth, these earls were able to rule England as the rulers of the king under the Magna Carta. These rulers ruled until 1227. But as soon as Henry became an adult, he immediately began to rebuild the power of the king. The French autocratic monarchy was his role model. He married Eleanor from Provence, France as his queen, and many of his French relatives gained power and wealth. Henry did not publicly appoint any ministers to manage a certain field for a long time, and many fields did not have any clear responsible persons, all of which made his rule very troublesome. Many Earls of England find his way of governance very peculiar.

Furthermore, Henry's throne was not secure, as Eleanor, the daughter of his late uncle, Duke of Brittany, Giovanni II, was 23 years older than him and had a higher priority in succession to the throne. After being captured by King John in Milabo in 1202, Eleanor was imprisoned in Cove Castle in Dorset. When John passed away, her rights were ignored by the nobility. Before Henry took power, there was a rumor circulating about the plan to rescue Eleanor and send her to France. Due to Eleanor's special identity, Henry still semi imprisoned her in Cove Castle and subsequently transferred her to Gloucester, Marlborough, and Bristol. On the other hand, Henry referred to her as the "king's kinsman", and when she was imprisoned in Gloucester Castle, local security officials bore her expenses. In November 1237, Henry met Eleanor, who was in good health, at Woodstock. Shortly thereafter, Eleanor was relocated back to Bristol Castle and spent her last days there, while Henry instructed the mayor and the bailiff to expand her residence. So, although Eleanor was never released for life and was not allowed to get married, she lived a comfortable life like most members of the royal family and also received generous gifts from the royal family. According to a legend in the Lanercost Chronicles, before Eleanor's death on August 10, 1241 at Bristol Castle (some say Cover Castle), Henry, out of regret, gave Eleanor a golden crown. Eleanor then gave it to Henry's young eldest son Edward three days later, saying that she had only worn the crown for one day before returning it. Eleanor's untimely death also legalized the throne of Henry and his descendants, and she was buried in the Ansbury Church. In 1268, Henry also gifted the Melksham estate in Wiltshire to the Ansbury Church to summon the souls of his cousin Eleanor and his brother Altier, in order to atone for his father John. Altier mysteriously disappeared in April of the following year after being captured along with Eleanor for the English throne with John, and is generally believed to have been murdered by John.

Edward. He heard that after Edward's simple attire, he only wore the simplest coat. There are multiple portraits of Edward in his dormitory, which are used to guide him when he falls asleep and wakes up.
But Henry's rule became increasingly difficult. Under the leadership of Simon de Mondford, the Earls of England demanded more voice. Montfort was born in France and was one of Henry's highly promoted outsiders. But later on, Dreamford married one of Henry's sisters without seeking Henry's opinion, and their relationship became very tense. In the 1250s, Henry even attempted to sue Mondford.
In order to secure the throne of Sicily for his second son Edmund, he sponsored a war for the Pope on the island of Sicily. This incident made the Earls of England feel that Henry was becoming more and more like his father. They must closely monitor his actions. Mondford became the leader who proposed the restoration of the Magna Carta. Requesting the separation of powers between the king and the count council. In 1258, the seven most important earls forced Henry to agree to the Oxford Ordinance, which essentially relinquished absolute monarchy and entrusted power to a council of 15 earls to lead government affairs, as well as establishing a three-year parliament to monitor the results of the Earl's Council.

Henry III served as king for over fifty years. During his reign, the most important thing was the formation of a parliament in England.
When Henry first ascended the throne, he was only a nine year old child. At that time, England was in chaos, and the French army sent by Philip II occupied the southern part of England. Initially, the nobles opposed John and gained the support of the French army. The British immediately faced the task of driving the French army out of England. Henry was young, so Minister William Marshall became regent and established a Council of Lords chaired by Marshall to handle state affairs. The members of the Imperial Council include the Chief Political and Legal Officer, the Director of the Palace, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Grand Justices, the Archbishop, and others.
The political situation of the British was initially determined, and the civil war came to an end. They began to unite and expel the French army. Fighting broke out between the British and French armies.
In 1217, Philip II sent his son, Prince Louis of France, to personally conquer England. However, the arrival of Prince Louis was still unable to resist the British military and civilians who were determined to expel the invading army, and the French army suffered a defeat. In September, after a fierce battle, Prince Louis had to admit defeat and signed a peace agreement with the British. After receiving compensation of 10000 marks, the French army withdrew from England.
In 1227, at the age of twenty, Henry began to take power and officially ruled England. Henry III served as king for over fifty years, but he had no talent for governing the country. Speaking of which, Henry III had a kind personality, devout faith in religion, a love for art, and a good character. However, in terms of governing the country, he lacked judgment, was prone to impulsiveness, was both cowardly and incompetent, ambitious, and unrealistic. During his reign, overall, Britain remained stagnant.

After Henry III took power, he changed his previous habit of consulting with the Imperial Council on state affairs and abandoned it, becoming increasingly autocratic. This caused anxiety among the nobles. In addition, Henry III also suffered repeated defeats in foreign wars. In order to reclaim Normandy and other territories, Henry III launched two attacks on the mainland in 1230 and 1242, but failed to obtain any territory.
Henry III was most infamous by the British people for his interference in British affairs, but he did not resist and remained obedient, becoming a tool used by the Roman Pope. At that time, Pope Gregory IX needed a large amount of money to defeat Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. Therefore, Henry III continuously supplied the Pope with a large amount of money to fill his bottomless pit in the Continental War. Moreover, the Pope often sent missionaries from other countries to England to collect their salaries, which further burdened the British.
By 1236, Britain was already filled with public grievances and undercurrents. The nobles of England, big and small, were generally concerned that Henry III would deny the obligations that the Chinese king should undertake under the Magna Carta. Henry III did not realize the crisis and launched an expedition to France in 1242, which ended in failure. This was the last of Henry III's two failed expeditions as we mentioned earlier. Since 1252, Britain has had a difficult year with three consecutive years of poor food harvests, making people's livelihoods even more difficult. However, Henry III disregarded these and planned to embark on even greater unrealistic adventures, thereby triggering a dramatic change.
The cause of the matter was as follows: in 1254, Henry III reached an agreement with Pope Innocent IV, in which the Pope promised to grant the Sicilian throne to Henry III's second son Edmund, while Henry III was required to provide military funds for the Sicilian War to the Pope. At that time, Edmund was just a baby still in his infancy, while Sicily was under the control of the German emperor, and Henry III had to go through war to obtain the Sicilian throne. Therefore, Henry III repeatedly collected military expenses from the nobles, but the nobles believed that Sicily was too far away from England and launching a war was too risky. However, Henry was stubborn and disregarded the continuous disasters in British agriculture for three years. He still forcibly allocated funds and demanded that the nobles pay one-third of their income as military expenses. Henry III's unreasonable demands ultimately provoked the nobles to resist with force.
In April 1258, the barons led by Montfort, fully armed, went to see the king and demanded extensive reforms. Speaking of which, Montfort was still Henry III's brother-in-law and became the leader of the opposition due to conflicts with him. The armed nobles demanded that Henry III abandon his tax demands and carry out political reforms to better comply with the requirements of the Magna Carta.

In June 1258, Henry III was forced to convene a meeting called the "Fury Council" in Oxford, during which the nobles forced Henry III to accept the Oxford Ordinance. The Oxford Ordinance further restricts monarchy, with the treaty stipulating that parliament is convened regularly, three times a year; Without the consent of the parliament, the king shall not arbitrarily confiscate or distribute land, nor shall he make decisions on foreign wars.
After the meeting, Henry III was forced to dismiss his foreign advisors and had to accept the British Parliament. Since then, the term "Parliament" has been widely used in British social life. However, Henry III was not willing to accept his failure. He only reluctantly complied with the Oxford Ordinance for three years. In 1261, Henry III forgot about the Ordinance, dismissed the highest judge nominated by the nobility, and expelled Montfort from the country.
That Montfort is not a fuel-efficient lamp either. In 1263, with the support of some nobles, he returned to England, intending to meet Henry III on the battlefield. The civil war was imminent, and King Louis IX intervened in mediation. However, Louis IX blindly favored Henry III, and Montfort declared that he would not accept the mediation of the French king, and the civil war finally broke out.
In May 1264, Montfort defeated Henry III's army in southern England and captured Prince Edward alive. Montfort was able to seize the power of England by taking advantage of the emperor to command the princes. He established a nine member committee and convened the Simon Conference (named after Montfort) in 1264.
In 1265, Montfort convened the first parliament in British history. In addition to barons, clergy, and two knights from each county, the council of Montfort also added two citizen representatives from each free city. This indicates that the aristocracy and the civic class began to unite against the king, and the civic class began to step onto the political stage in Britain. The purpose of Montfort's parliamentary meeting was to legitimize his revolution.
The previous parliament was convened by the king, but this parliament means that without a king, a parliament can also be convened, and it discusses various national affairs. The Montfort Parliament controls all national institutions and judicial systems. In other words, Montfort controlled the political situation in Britain for a year. Henry III lost power and became a puppet in the hands of powerful officials.

Most sectors in the UK support Montfort's reforms. However, Montfort did not take this opportunity to depose Henry III, as the English king still had a strong market in the minds of some people. Even though Montfort held great power, he dared not act rashly.
At the same time, in the revolutionary camp, due to the erosion of power, there has also been a phenomenon of competing for power and profit. The internal division of the Montfort regime began to emerge. Montfort's comrade in arms, Count Gilbert, left him and joined the king's camp. With his help, Prince Edward took the opportunity to escape.
The prince fled London and quickly gathered an army to go to war with Montfort's army. In August 1265, the two armies engaged in a confrontation and the Battle of Eveshe occurred. Montfort was killed in the battle and the royal army achieved a great victory. Henry III regained power with the support of his brave son Edward.
Church members buried the body of Montfort, and the burial site became a holy site. Montfort, as an important reformer in British parliamentary politics, has long been revered by the British people.
In 1266, the British royal family regained all power, and thereafter, Prince Edward gradually became a powerful figure. After 1270, Henry III's body gradually declined. In 1272, Henry III passed away. Prince Edward ascended to the throne as King of England, as Edward I (reigned 1272-1307). After experiencing the chaos of the reigns of John and Henry, the Golden Sparrow Dynasty finally saw another brave monarch ascend to the throne.
Regarding the Oxford Ordinance, its fate was different from that of the Magna Carta. With the death of Montfort in battle, the British royal family regained power, and the Oxford Ordinance was abolished. However, the Oxford Reform Movement did not completely fail, national affairs should be discussed in parliament, and the king and nobles should cooperate to solve problems, which is deeply ingrained in the hearts of the British. The Oxford Reform has left an indelible mark in British history.
Henry III (1216-1272) reigned for 56 years. When he was young, the feudal lords held power under the name of the Grand Council. When Henry grew up to govern, he had conflicts with the nobles. In 1258, Henry held a Grand Council in Oxford to discuss taxation, and the nobles launched a military admonition, forcing Henry to sign the Oxford Ordinance, which restricted royal power. The Oxford Ordinance stipulates that parliamentary law is the highest authority, and all laws shall not contradict it. A committee consisting of 15 nobles shall be formed to jointly govern with the king, and any measures taken by the king shall be implemented only with their consent. Thus formed the aristocratic oligarchy politics. But the aristocratic sects were at odds, and the government was unable to work. In 1261, Henry ordered the repeal of the Oxford Ordinance, leading to a civil war. In 1264, the coalition led by Count Simon de Montfort defeated the royal army and captured the king's father and son.

In 1265, Simon de Montfort convened the Grand Council in Westminster, with two knights from each county and two representatives from each town. This meeting is considered the earliest council.
The Grand Council later evolved into a parliament, divided into the House of Lords and the House of Commons, commonly held in the conference hall of the Westminster Palace. Usually only feudal lords and bishops (House of Lords) are invited to attend meetings, while knights and citizens are only invited to attend on special occasions. The House of Commons can present a petition to the king, which is the earliest proposal. The speaker ran between the two houses, contacting and restraining the members of parliament. At this time, the parliament can only be convened at the invitation of the royal family, and its function is to consult without political parties or elections. The most important part of Congress is the House of Lords.

Henry was forced to participate in a collective oath of support for the Oxford Ordinance. In the following years, the opinions of both sides became increasingly divergent. In 1261, Henry received a decree from the Pope stating that he did not need to abide by this oath. Both sides began to engage in military readiness. The leader of Henry's side is his eldest son Edward. The civil war has begun. In 1263, Mondford and his supporters occupied the southeast of England, and in 1264, Henry was defeated and captured. Mondford took the opportunity to expand the scope of the parliament, with participation from every county and many important cities, far exceeding the past aristocratic councils. Many supporters of Mondford initially felt that he was too far from his original goals.
But 15 months later, Edward was able to escape the captives and returned to the battlefield. Starting from 1265, the war began to favor the king. The rebels were punished.
The Memorial Hall of Edward, which Henry ordered to establish, was finally completed in 1269. Starting from 1270, all government work was led by his son Edward. He passed away in 1272, and his body was once placed in Edward's tomb because his own coffin had not yet been made. His heir is his eldest son Edward I.