Greek mythology (Greek: Ελληνική μυθολογία、 English: Greek mythology), that is, all the myths about ancient Greek gods, heroes, nature and the history of the universe.
Greek mythology is the spiritual product of primitive clan society and the earliest literary form in Europe. It came into being in the 8th century BC. It formed a basic scale on the basis of the long-term oral tradition of the ancient Greek aborigines and the use of myths handed down to Greece and other countries. Later, it was recorded in Homer's Homer's Epic, Hesiod's Divine Manual, and ancient Greek poetry, drama, history, philosophy and other works. Later generations sorted them into modern Greek mythology, It is divided into two parts: the story of God and the legend of heroes.

Documentary records
Paris and Helen
Mythological narration plays an important role in almost every Greek literature. Nevertheless, Pseudo Apollodorus's Bibliotheca is the only collection of Greek myths preserved from ancient Greece. This work contains a large number of original materials about Greek mythology (such as the genealogy of the gods), mainly hero mythology, which is an important document for modern scholars to study ancient Greek mythology. In ancient times, this work was considered to be the work of Apollodorus, who lived in Athens in 180-120 B.C., but now it has been proved that it is a pseudonymous work or a character of the same name. In fact, it was written in the 2nd century A.D., so it is customary to call the author of this book "Pseudo Apollodorus".
The earliest references are Homer's two epics: Iliad and Odyssey. In addition, the epics in this aspect are all attributed to Epic Cycle, but these works have been lost, and now there are only sporadic fragments and paraphrases. There is a group of epic poems that either praise gods or sing the deeds of gods, which are called "Homeric Hymns", but they actually have nothing to do with Homer. They are actually hymns handed down from the early period when they were called lyric poems. [2] Hesiod, the poet of Homer's basic contemporaneous period, comprehensively recorded the early Greek mythology about the formation of the world, the origin of gods, Titans and giants, as well as detailed genealogies, folklores, and myths about the history of human diseases in his work The Divine Manual. Hesiod's "Work and Time" systematically recorded the knowledge of agricultural production at that time, showing a peaceful and beautiful scene of rural life. It includes descriptions of Prometheus, Pandora and five eras. These poems give advice and panorama of the best way to live in that dangerous period. [1]
Lyrics often use myth as the background, but their descriptions often deviate from the facts and add more authors' fantasies. The more famous lyric poets in ancient Greece include Pindar, Bechrides, Simonides, and the pastoral poets Theocritus and Pyon. Their works contain a lot of mythical elements. [3] In addition, mythology is also the central theme of classical Athenian drama. Most of the tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, the three great tragedies, are set against the heroes of the mythical age and the Trojan War. Many famous tragic stories (such as Agamemnon and his children, Oedipus, Jason and Medea) have been used as the theme of classical tragedy. Comedian Aristophane also took mythology as the theme of his works "Birds" and "Frogs". [2]
Historians Herodotus and Theodorus, as well as geographers Pausanias and Strabo, have all traveled across Greece. They have recorded the stories they heard along the way. Their records prove that there are a large number of unknown versions of myths and legends in different regions. [3] Herodotus, in particular, studied a large number of traditions and discovered many historical or mythological roots of Greece and the East. He also tried to reconcile these origins to blend different cultural concepts.

Greek civilization and ancient Roman poetry are more literary and artistic. However, it still contains many important details lost in other works. These works mainly include:
The works and notes of the Roman poet Ovid (Chronicles), Statius, Gaius, Seneca and Virgil, and Selvius;
Greek poets in recent ancient times: works of Nonus, Antoninus Leiblaris and Quintus Smyrnaeus;
Poets in the Hellenistic Period: the works of Apollonius, Calimarcos, Pseudo Eratosthenes and Badini;
The works of ancient Greek and Roman novelists Epulias, Petronius, Lorianus and Heliodolus.
Roman writers, such as Aeinus, regarded fabrication and astronomy as the two most important outlines of mythology. The imagination of old and young Philostratos and the description of Callistratos are the other two sources of myth.
Finally, Anobius and some Byzantine Greek writers perfected the details of mythology based on the early Greek works that are now untested. The preservation books of these myths include the Suda dictionary of Hesikios and the monographs of John Tayzer and Eustacius. Christianity uses Greek mythology for enlightenment: ν π αντ ὶ μύθ ῳ κα ὶ τ ὸ Δαιδάλου μύσος / en panti muth ō I kai to Daidalou musos ("Every myth has the dirtiness of Daedalus"). Sudais, who is knowledgeable, believes that the image of Daedalus is in line with Pacifi's "evil interest" in the bull that Poseidon has hallucinated: "Since the origin and faults of these demons are attributed to Daedalus, and he is hated by them, he has become the protagonist of the proverbs."
Most ancient Greek myths or legends originate from ancient Greek literature, including Iliad and Odyssey in Homer's Epic, Hesiod σίοδος） "The Work and the Day" and "The Divine Book", "Homer's Anthem" and other classic works in the ancient times, as well as Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides' plays.
Greek mythology originates from the ancient Aegean civilization, which is slightly similar to the Shang and Zhou civilizations of China. They are the ancestors of Western civilization, with outstanding nature and extraordinary imagination. In that primitive era, they were mysterious and puzzled about natural phenomena and human life and death, so they kept fantasizing and pondering. In their imagination, everything in the universe has life. However, after the Dorians invaded the Aegean civilization, they had to expand their living space due to the overpopulation of the Greek peninsula where they lived. At this time, they worshipped heroes, which resulted in many stories of national heroes interwoven with people and gods. These stories of people, gods and things created by people, through the tempering of time, are collectively called "Greek mythology" by historians, and the 11th and 12th centuries to the 7th and 8th centuries BC are called "mythical times". At first, fairy tales were handed down by word of mouth. It was not until the seventh century BC that Homer, the great poet, recorded them in Epic.

Archaeological certificate
The Mycenaean civilization discovered by Heinrich Schriemann, a legendary German archaeologist in the 19th century, and the Minoan civilization in Crete discovered by Sir Arthur Evans, a British archaeologist in the 20th century, both provided explanations for a large number of questions about Homer's epic, and also provided archaeological evidence for many details about the myths of gods and heroes. Unfortunately, the scrolls of Mycenae and Minos' immortal evidence of mythology and ritual linear letter B were mainly used to record the inventory, although there were many names of gods and heroes.
The geometric design of pottery in the 8th century BC was based on the siege of Troy or the adventures of Heracles. The importance of the visual expression of these myths is shown in two aspects: first, many Greek myths appeared on today's pottery far earlier than written records, such as Heracles' twelve feats. Only the capture of Cerberus has written records that are contemporary with pottery, and other written records are later than pottery painting; Secondly, pottery design sometimes even depicts some myths or scenes without written records. Sometimes the first-hand record of a fairy story comes from geometric art, but when it appears in today's written records, it is often several centuries later.
In the ancient wind period (about 750 to 500 BC), the classical Greek period (about 480 to 323 BC) and the Hellenistic period (about 323 to 146 BC), Homeric style and many other mythological scenes emerged in large numbers, which were confirmed by written records. The Apollo Sun Temple was discovered by archaeology in 2002 [4].
The difference between God and man
In Greek mythology, the gods and people are the same in shape. There are not only the beauty of human body, but also the seven emotions and six desires of people. They know how to be happy, sad, and participate in human activities. The difference between God and man is only that the former lives forever without death; The latter has a limited life, with birth, aging, illness and death. The gods in Greek mythology have distinctive personality, without asceticism or mysticism. The beauty of Greek mythology is that God still has a destiny, still trapped in love, and will do bad things for his own interests. Therefore, Greek mythology is not only the soil of Greek literature, but also has a profound impact on later European literature.

Primitive deity
Primitive gods are ancient creation gods that represent the world. They are listed in the order of birth:
There are different versions of Greek mythology, and the birth order of the gods is different in each version, There are also some gods that do not exist in other versions (For example, Koronos, the god of time, and Ananchi, the goddess of number, are the unique gods of the Orpus sect. As the original god, Caos, the god of chaos, has no father or mother, while the Orpus sect believes that Caos is the child of Koronos. Eurynome is the daughter of Oceanos, the god of oceans and rivers, and is an ordinary sea fairy, but the Pilaki people regard her as a world creating god.).
Here, the most widely spread Hesiod's "Divine Manual" is taken as the standard:
Khaos/Chaos
The heaven and earth are not shaped, and those who cover everything and fill the world are actually one phase. Today, they are called Chaos. Chaos was the beginning of all things, and then Gaea, the mother of the earth, Tartarus, Eros, Erebus and Nyx were born. The world starts here.
Gaea
Earth Goddess, born after Caos. The mother of all things and the noumenon of the earth, she gave birth to the sky Uranos, the ocean Pontus and the mountain Ourea.
Then she gave birth to many gods with the gods of heaven and sea. He and Uranus gave birth to twelve Titans, representing the first things in the world (sun, moon, sky, earth, time, space, etc.), and Pentos gave birth to five children, representing different seas. She is the mother of the gods.
Tartarus
The god of the abyss of hell was born after Gaia. It can be said that it is the creator of the underworld and the body of the abyss.
He was born under Gaia, and later he and Gaia gave birth to the youngest son of Gaia, the monster Typhon. He is an invisible abyss, which is located at the bottom of the world. Since then, he has been the place to hold demons, monsters and some gods. Zeus imprisoned some Titans at Tartaros.
Eros
Love was born after Tartarus. The embodiment of love, fertility and sexuality. It is he who promotes the birth and love of the gods. He is the embodiment of all the lusts (including the same sex and the opposite sex).
Erebus
The god of darkness, after the birth of Tartarus, the embodiment and noumenon of darkness are located between the earth (Gaia) and the underworld. He and his sister Nyx, the goddess of night, gave birth to Aether, the god of space, Hemera, the goddess of day, and Charon, the goddess of crossing the Styx River.
Nyx
The goddess of night, Erebus was born on the earth (Gaia). The embodiment and noumenon of the night, she not only gave birth to three children with her brother, but also gave birth to a large number of gods alone.
Uranus
God, the son and husband of Gaia, the first god king. Was overthrown by his son Cronus.
Pontus
The sea god, the son and lover of Gaia, the earliest sea god, represents the sea bottom.
Ourea
Mountain god, the son of Gaia.

Second generation gods
The second generation gods are mostly the twelve Titans:
First generation Titan:
Kronus: the king of the Titans, the second god king, the youngest and leader of the twelve Titans. Rhea's husband.
Oceanus: The eldest son of the twelve Titans. The husband of Thetis. The father of 3000 river gods and 3000 ocean goddesses.
Hyperion: the ancient sun god, the god of celestial inspection, and the husband of Thea. Helios, father of Selene and Eos.
Coeus: God of the Milky Way, husband of Phoebe. The father of Leto and Asteria.
Crius: God of the heavens, husband of Eurybia. The father of Astraeus, Perseus, and Pallas.
Iapetus: the ancestor of mankind, the husband of Clemene, and the father of Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menotius.
Rhea: Earth Mother God, the second queen of God. Cronus' wife.
Tethys: the goddess of the sea, the first queen of the sea, and the goddess of water, breeding and rain. The wife of Okeanos.
Theia: The ancient goddess of light, the wife of Seppelion. The mother of Helios, Selene, and Eos.
Phoebe: Goddess of oracles, mainly in charge of Delphi's oracles, the wife of Coos. The mother of Leto and Asteria.
Themis: the goddess of law, the second wife of Zeus. The Three Goddesses of Time and the Mother of the Three Goddesses of Destiny.
Mnemosyne: Goddess of memory, also a secondary oracle goddess, responsible for the underground oracle, and the fifth wife of Zeus. The mother of the Muse.
Second generation Titan:
Helios: The sun god, the son of Hybrion and Thea.
Selene: The goddess of the moon, the daughter of Hypolion and Thea.
Eos: The goddess of the dawn, the daughter of Hypolion and Thea, and the wife of Astraeus.
Leto: the goddess of upbringing, the daughter of Coos and Phoebe, the sixth wife of Zeus, and the mother of Apollo and Artemis.
Asteria: The goddess of meteors. Daughter of Coos and Phoebe, wife of Perseus.
Astraios: God of the stars, son of Cleos and Eurybia. The husband of Eos.
Perses: God of destruction, son of Cleos and Eurybia, husband of Asterias.
Pallas: God of war, son of Cleos and Eurybia. Stix's husband.
Atlas: Optimus, the son of Iapetus and Clemene. He was punished to heaven for his failure to resist Zeus.
Prometheus: God of the prophets, son of Iapertus and Clemene. The creator and protector of mankind. Zeus was locked in the Caucasus Mountains because of his anger. Every day, an eagle pecked his liver, and then he grew well again and again. He was rescued by Heracles.
Epimetheus: God of hindsight, son of Iapertus and Clemene. The most stupid god.
Menoetius: The god of arrogance, the son of Iapertus and Clemene. The keeper of the keeper.

Third generation gods
Twelve main gods of Olympus
Twelve Olympian Gods (14 sheets)
The third generation of gods were only Olympian gods, who all lived on Mount Olympus. Zeus overthrew his father's rule and established a new ruling order, including the twelve main gods of Olympia:.
Zeus（ Δίας/Ζεύς、 Zeus. The third son of Cronus and Rhea, whose symbols are eagle, oak, throne and mountain peak; His favorite sacrifice was a female goat and a white bull whose horn was painted gold.
Hera ρα、 Hera) (Tiantian, Marriage and Childbearing): One of the twelve main gods of Olympus, the patron saint of Tiantian and noble women, who is in charge of marriage and childbearing. The third daughter of Cronus and Rhea, the third sister of Zeus and the seventh wife (the main house). The sky was Hera's radiant face. The symbols are cuckoo, lion, lily, etc. The principle of peacock is unique to Roman mythology. This bird with colorful feathers and stars is a symbol of the beautiful and spectacular night sky.
Poseidon（ Ποσειδ ῶ ν、 Poseidon. Therefore, after he ruled the sea, he changed several horses into fish horse hybrids with tail fins. In this way, they also pull the cart for him in the water.
Demeter（ Δήμητρα、 Demeter) (agriculture, grain and harvest): one of the twelve main gods of Olympus, the goddess of agriculture, the second daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and the second sister and fourth wife of Zeus. She and Zeus gave birth to the afterlife Persephone.
Apollo（ Α π όλλων、 Apollo) (Light, prophecy, art, poetry and medicine): One of the twelve main gods of Olympus, the god of light, the god of oracle, the god of music and poetry, the protector of migrants and sailors, and the god of animal husbandry. The son of Zeus and Leto, the eldest of all the children of Zeus. It is one of the protectors of human civilization, and has the greatest ability of prophecy. The 5th century BC is sometimes confused with Helios. The laurel tree is his holy wood, and his favorite pets are dolphins and crows.
Artemis ρτεμις、 Artemis) (hunting, nature, wild animals): one of the twelve main gods of Olympus, one of the three goddesses, the sister of Apollo, the goddess of hunting, the god of light, the goddess of nature and mountains, caves, wild animals, the goddess of breeding and newborn babies, the goddess of plague death and recovery, and the daughter of Zeus and Leto. The early goddess of fertility was sometimes confused with Selene in the 5th century BC. Cypress is her holy wood, deer and hunting dog are her favorite pets.
Ares ρης、 Ares. The vulture is his sacred bird, his pet is the bird of Lake Stanfaro, and some people think it is a hunting dog.
Athena θήνη、 Athena. Olive trees are her holy wood, snakes, owls, spindles and gowns are also her holy things.
Twelve main gods of Olympus
Twelve main gods of Olympus
Hephaestus φαιστος、 Hephaistos) (fire, casting, handicraft): one of the twelve main gods of Olympus, the god of fire, the god of forging and craftsmanship, the guardian god of blacksmiths, the son of Zeus and Hera, and the husband of Aphrodite.
Aphrodite φροδίτη、 Aphrodite) (beauty, love, sexuality): One of the twelve main gods of Olympus, the goddess of love and beauty, and the daughter of Zeus and Dione. Myrtle is her sacred tree, pigeon is her love bird. Swans and sparrows are also favored.
Hermes ρμ ῆ ς、 Hermes. The god of commerce, market, tourism, transportation, the god of travelers and thieves, the extradition of the underworld, and the son of Zeus and Maia. She is agile and elegant, wears sandals with wings on her feet, wears a low hat with wings on her head, and holds a golden wand with two snakes coiled in her hand (a special symbol).
Dionysus（ Διόνυσος、 Dionysus) (wine, grapes, carnival): succeeded Hestia as one of the twelve main gods of Olympus, the god of wine, drama, banquet and harvest. In addition to Athena's unborn brother Polos, Dionysus was the second son of Zeus who was predicted to be the god king. It has a dual personality. It can bring happiness and intoxication to people, but it is also cruel and irritable - just like wine.
Hestia στία、 Hestia) (stove, flame): One of the twelve main gods of Olympus, he gave his place to Dionysus. One of the three goddesses, she has the power to control all the stoves in the world. She has a very high status. She is the chief of all the goddesses in Olympus and can share the golden throne of Zeus with Hera. The goddess of fire and family, the first daughter of Cronus and Rhea, is the elder sister of Hades, Demeter, Hera, Poseidon and Zeus.
Hades ιδης、 Hades. The first son of Cronus and Rhea, in charge of human death, the souls of the underworld sometimes send plagues to humans. The brother of Zeus and Poseidon. My favorite sacrifice is black ewe or black bull wrapped in black yarn. Poplar is his sacred tree.