Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Latin: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, English: Gnaeus Pompey, 106-48 BC), also translated as Pompey, was a famous military strategist and politician in the late Roman Republic.
Brave and skilled in battle, with the strongest power among the top three alliances. After being defeated by Caesar in the Roman Civil War, Pompeii fled to Egypt and was assassinated by the favored minister of Ptolemy XIII, Bedinus, at the age of 58.

Pompey was born into a noble family in Rome. His father, Strabo Pompey, was not only an outstanding commander of the Roman Republic, but also one of the representatives of the aristocracy. In the Italian Revolutionary War, they conquered the regions of Sabine and Pikenum. He owns a large amount of land and protected population in the Pikenum area.

Pompeii received a good education during his youth, had a high level of cultural cultivation, and had a strong interest in the advanced Greek culture of that time. Due to his family's influence, he had a passion for military affairs and, at the age of 17, he joined his father in suppressing an Italian uprising. In politics, he completely inherits his father's legacy. His father was ambitious and sought the highest power of the country during turbulent times, which left a deep impression on Pompeii's mind.
In 87 BC, Strabo Pompey was struck by lightning and died. Pompey inherited his estate in Picanum and lived there for six years. During this period, it was during a civil war between Mario and Sura over the highest power in Rome.
Pompey saw some wealthy aristocrats defecting to Sura and realized that only under Sura's command could he achieve success. So he persevered and traveled to neighboring cities to recruit soldiers and horses. In a short period of time, he utilized his father's influence and influence in the Pikenum region to recruit a legion. On his way to the Sura military camp, he showed his prowess and repeatedly broke through the obstacles of Mario's subordinates, successfully passing through many cities and seizing a large number of weapons and horses. Sura took a liking to Pompey, who was emerging in the military, and saw him as her powerful assistant. Pompeii was only 23 years old at that time.
In 82 BC, Sura seized power in Rome and implemented dictatorship. In order to strengthen his relationship with Sura and strengthen his position, Pompeii despicably abandoned his wife and married Sura's daughter. Not long after marriage. Pompeii was ordered by Sura to seize Sicily. Due to the lack of resistance from the Mallory troops stationed in the area, Pompeii was able to easily occupy the island.

Not long after occupying Sicily, Pompeii was sent by Sullah to fight against Domitius in Africa, restoring the kingdom of Hespsar, which had been destroyed by the Numidians. On a stormy day, Pompeii took advantage of the bad weather and the retreat of Domitius to launch a lightning strike and defeat the enemy army. The disastrous defeat of Domitius led to some cities surrendering without fighting. Pompeii occupied Numidia and conquered Africa in just 40 days.

The achievements of Africa greatly enhanced Pompeii's prestige in Rome.
Shortly after the war, Sura immediately ordered Pompey to disband his army and lead a legion back to Utica to wait for a successor. He not only refused to disband the army but also led his troops to appear at the entrance of Rome. Although he did not hold public office, he requested that Sula hold a triumphal ceremony for him. Sura warned Pompey not to violate the law (according to Roman law at the time, only grand victories were held for consuls and administrators with great military achievements), but Pompey never gave in and mocked Sura: "More people worship the rising sun than those worship the setting sun." Sura had no choice but to make an exception in 81 BC to hold a triumphal ceremony for him in the Battle of Africa and bestow the title of "Magnus".
In 78 BC, Sura died of illness, and dissatisfaction with the military dictatorship of Sura erupted like a volcano.
At that time, the consul Lepida abolished the Sultan Constitution, and the Senate declared Lepida a a public enemy of the motherland, sending Pompey to suppress and easily win.
The following summer, Pompeii was ordered by the Senate to suppress another democratic leader in Spain, Sedoliu. Although Pompeii's military talent was praised by the Senate and the Romans, he was clearly inferior in front of Sedolius. As soon as Pompeii's army set foot on Spanish territory, it was met with a head-on attack from the army of Sedolius.
In the Battle of Sucro in 75 BC, Pompeii's army suffered a crushing defeat, and he himself was seriously injured and almost captured. Then, in the Battle of Segontia, Pompeii's army suffered consecutive defeats. The campaign against Spain exhausted Pompeii's scheming and consumed a large amount of wealth for himself and his country. It was only after 72 BC that some of the generals and soldiers of Sedolius mutinied, and Sedolius was killed by his generals, which gave Pompeii the opportunity to turn defeat into victory and quell the Sedolius movement.

After achieving victory in Spain, Pompey was ordered by the Senate to return to his home country to reinforce Krasus, who was suppressing the slave uprising led by Spartacus. When Pompey arrived, Krasu had already eliminated the main force of the uprising, and the remaining 5000 rebels broke out of the battlefield and rushed towards the north. Pompey, with his deep-seated hatred towards the slave uprising, cruelly slaughtered the remaining Spartacus.
In 70 BC, the political situation in Rome developed in a direction favorable to the democratic movement. Pompey, who harbored personal ambition, saw the Sultan faction gradually losing power and the democratic faction gaining momentum. He then turned the tide and turned to the democratic faction, pleasing the knights and civilians.
Pompey and Krasu were elected as the BC70 consuls, and they promulgated and implemented some policies that were beneficial to the common people: restoring the power of the pre Sultan Civic Assembly and the Protectorate; Restore the distribution of cheap food; The court is entrusted to a committee composed of elders, knights, and the wealthiest civilians. Also cleaned 60 supporters of Sura in the Senate. These measures have earned the favor of the Roman people.
At that time, the pirates of the Mediterranean (including the Illyrian pirates, the Chiliquan pirates, etc.) were rampant in their activities. They used their own ships, weapons, and colluded with Roman nobles and knights to attack merchant ships, rob coastal cities, and engage in "human flesh trafficking" activities. In 67 BC, Rome experienced a food shortage, which was believed to be caused by pirate activities and urgent measures were strongly demanded. The Civic Assembly appointed Pang Pei as the Commander in Chief of the Anti Banditry Campaign, granting him unprecedented broad powers and equipping him with 25 deputy officers, 120000 infantry, 4000 cavalry, and 270 warships, with a deadline of three years to eliminate them.

Pompeii developed a strategy of divided encirclement in the face of the vast Mediterranean sea and the rampant presence of pirates. He divided the Mediterranean and his own army and weapons into 12 parts, each under the command of a deputy general. Therefore, he withdrew his net from the Mediterranean Sea, creating a situation where armies and pirates fought everywhere in the Mediterranean. Pang Pei also personally inspected various strongholds and strengthened supervision over deputy generals.
The massive size of Pompeii's army, the skillful tactics, and the thorough preparation work caused the pirates to panic. Most pirates hide at the mountaintops and harbors. While using force, Pompeii also implemented a policy of appeasement and leniency towards pirates, preserving life and freedom for all who lay down their weapons. In this situation, pirates begged to surrender one after another, but only a few hardliners were resolutely suppressed by Pompeii.

Finally, more than 10000 stubborn pirate elements were eliminated, 900 ships were seized, and 120 pirate fortresses were destroyed. Pompeii also sent the captured pirates back to their respective countries or relocated them to places far from the sea for resettlement. Pompeii excelled in completing the mission to quell the pirates in just three months. The long-standing stagnation of maritime trade has been restored, ensuring the safety of Italy and the countries along the Mediterranean coast, and the control of the Mediterranean has returned to Rome.
In 69 BC, the Romans achieved their most glorious victory over Armenia in the Battle of Tigranokald, known as the Battle of Bengal; By 67 BC, the Roman legion of only 20000 people had completely suppressed the massive Armenian Pontu coalition. But the soldiers were unwilling to continue serving in distant foreign lands, so a mutiny broke out after their victory. The Senate was forced to replace the famous general Luculus from the front line.
At the beginning of 66 BC, the Citizen Assembly passed a proposal by the Protector Manilius to appoint Pompeii as the commander-in-chief of the battle against King Mithradates VI of the capital, replacing Rukurus, who had achieved significant results in the battle against King Mithradates VI of the capital, and taking over his army.
After arriving in the East, Pompeii first negotiated with King Bendu and demanded his unconditional surrender. Rejected. So he led his army to besiege Bendu.

Due to his previous failure on the Spanish battlefield, Pompeii's ability to engage in decisive battles has been questioned by some. Fortunately, the vast army of the capital kingdom has been almost wiped out due to long-term war losses. The remaining remnants, including auxiliary soldiers, were less than 40000, not even more than the constantly increasing Roman expeditionary force.
Pompeii attempted to cut off Mithradates VI's food supply and threatened his surrender. The King of Bendu reluctantly led his army to retreat, and Pompey led his troops to relentlessly pursue and attack. In the Battle of Lucus, he defeated Mithradates VI's army at a very low cost. King Bendu led 800 cavalry to barely break through, while most of the 30000 infantry were either annihilated or captured by Pompeii.
When Pompeii was preparing to attack another powerful enemy, Armenia, the monarch of that country, Tigran II, had already been forced to submit to Rome. Having suffered a disastrous defeat before, his credibility and military strength were severely damaged, and he was forced to resist the attack of the Parthian Empire in the south. He made another treaty with Pompeii, confirming that the annexed territories of Cappadocia, Chiriquia, and Syria would be vomited out. Pompeii temporarily forgave this unstable "new alliance" and prepared to continue chasing Mithradates as the culprit northward. The latter has already escaped to the Crimean Peninsula through the eastern Black Sea and seized control of the Bosphorus Kingdom from their son.
After arriving on the Crimean Peninsula, Mithradates continued to recruit a large new army using commercial taxes from the port and grain exports from Ukraine. It goes without saying that his goal is Rome. He even planned to head south from the Great Plains of Eastern Europe and penetrate directly into the northern hinterland where Rome was not well defended at the time. Therefore, Pompeii must quickly destroy the strength of his opponent.

But to reach Crimea, he had to pass through the complex terrain of the Caucasus mountains. This large area, located at the foothills between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, was controlled by three major forces at that time. Although its residents originally belonged to the primitive Indo European indigenous peoples, they have presented three completely different styles due to the influence of different regional civilizations. This also directly affects how they handle their relationship with the Romans.

In the western part of the Caucasus Mountains, there is the Kingdom of Korkis adjacent to the Black Sea. Due to its proximity to the ocean, the wood, gold, iron ore, and honey produced in the local mountainous areas have always been the main imports of Greek business groups. The origin of the golden wool in Greek mythology is also in Korkis. At least in the 6th century BC, Greeks established colonial cities along the coast and spread Greek culture inland.
Therefore, Korkis is actually a very Hellenistic kingdom. They were also forced to join the capital army of Mithradates and confront the Romans on several battlefields. After confirming the defeat of Hondo, another uprising was launched against the people of Hondo, but ultimately failed. Considering that the country not only has several heavily defended ports and mountain fortresses, but also strong armed forces including Greek style heavy infantry and mountain light infantry. Pompeii prepared to wait for his navy fleet to arrive before waiting for an opportunity to force the other party to submit.

The Iberian kingdom, located in the mountains east of the Kingdom of Korkis, has little exposure to Greek culture. Although deep into the inland mountainous areas, its cultural style is influenced by the nomadic forces on the Great Plains of northern Ukraine. In its long historical tradition, this has always been one of the channels continuously used by nomadic forces. The Kuban culture of the Bronze Age had a significant regional overlap with the Iberian Kingdom. The Simmerians and Scythian cavalry who had once invaded the Two Rivers Basin all traveled south through the mountain roads where their ancestors lived.
Therefore, most Iberians live a semi agricultural and semi pastoral life. Although it is difficult to raise too many horses in the mountains, its military style is still deeply influenced by the Scythian culture. Most adult males are proficient in using composite bows, which can form dense volley formations or disperse into mountainous areas to engage in guerrilla warfare. Even adult women can pick up bows and arrows to help men resist together. This phenomenon has also been identified by observers in the Greek world as a descendant of Amazon female warriors in ancient mythology. As for noble warriors with sufficient resources to arm themselves, they use Scythian style grassland shields to cover ordinary soldiers. Use spears, pointed battle axes, and daggers again to meet melee needs. They also provided soldiers for the army of Mithradates and attempted to intercept them when King Bendu fled north. But unlike the Hellenistic Corkis, the Iberians and Romans did not have much common language.

To the east of the Kingdom of Iberia, Albanians are the most culturally distant from the Mediterranean world. They are similar in many ways to the Iberians in the west, being both mountain tribes and mountain walkways used by nomadic forces. Because these semi agricultural and semi pastoral indigenous peoples were also greatly influenced by the northern horse riding culture. Relying on the small plains adjacent to the Caspian Sea, they also developed far more cavalry units than their western neighbors.
On the other hand, south of Albania is the traditional Greater Persian cultural region, which easily has close connections with East Armenia, Silkania, and Midea. So, the local military style is largely similar to that of North Iran. In addition to noble cavalry, there are also javelin heavy infantry and walking archers skilled in battlefield combat. They had all joined the Armenian army of Tigran II and had the opportunity to meet with the Roman army. And due to their own Iranian cultural factors, they are also the most resistant regime to the Romans in the Caucasus region.
In 65 BC, Pompeii first targeted the rebellious Iberian mountain people. They set off from the eastern part of the capital kingdom, leading a legion of no more than 20000 people and a small number of auxiliary troops. The remaining troops were allocated to the navy and another side force used to protect the Cappadocia region. Due to the unfavorable road conditions in the mountains, the Romans had to break down their army and move in large units.

Although it seemed unnecessary, Pompeii still decided to rely on force to force the Caucasus three countries to reach a peace agreement with Rome. It also prevents them from joining the counterattack army of the Hondu or Armenians in the future. Therefore, after entering the Iberian border, Roman soldiers began to face a joint resistance force composed of locals and Albanian reinforcements. Especially the latter, using their larger cavalry, constantly attempted to encircle and annihilate various Roman divisions. But the mountain light cavalry, which was not strong enough, had no choice but to deal with the Roman infantry of this period. In the previous battles, they had repeatedly defeated the armored heavy cavalry of both Ben and Armenia on non plain terrain. Even less afraid of light Albanians.
After discovering that the situation was not right, King Oros of Albania voluntarily made peace with the Romans and withdrew his troops. King Athoses of Iberia also began to negotiate with Pompeii, but still concentrated the armed forces of various tribes. When the Romans saw through his strategy of delaying troops, they immediately concentrated their troops as quickly as possible. Athoses could only cross the Kura River and destroy the bridges on the river. As a result, the towns left across the river were easily conquered by the legion.
The Iberian monarch can only relent once again and promise a ceasefire and the reconstruction of bridges. But as Pompeii commanded the Roman army to advance continuously, he realized that he was already in extreme danger. So he escaped the Aragonwi River and, while destroying the bridge, sent a large number of light infantry to ambush in the mountains and forests along the way. Guerrillas, including many women, kept shooting and killing the lone Roman soldiers. Pompeii called in an infantry battalion, bombarded all the ambushes into the mountains and forests, and then had them set on fire. The first large-scale resistance of the Iberians turned into nothing in the raging flames.

Subsequently, the Roman army approached the core area of the kingdom. Artothes gathered over 20000 troops (including auxiliary troops) that had already arrived and engaged in a decisive battle against Pompeii on the plains near the Berolus River. Due to limited space in the Caucasus region, neither side has much room for maneuver and must confront their opponents head-on. The Iberian infantry formation is somewhat similar to the Persians who appeared on the Marathon battlefield hundreds of years ago.
After realizing that the opponent mainly relied on the long-range firepower of bows and arrows, the Roman infantry battalions launched a decisive charge. They approached the enemy at the fastest speed, throwing their heavy javelin and breaking through the front row shield of the Iberians. Then he drew his Spanish short sword and joined the archer formation, which lacked group melee ability. The entire Iberian army was instantly defeated, according to the claim of the Roman side, 9000 people were annihilated and over 10000 became prisoners of war of the Roman legion. The Battle of the Berolus River ended with Pompeii's complete victory.

After defeating the Iberians, Pompeii forced King Athoses to hand over his son as a hostage and return with numerous spoils of war, including gold and weapons. The whole army began to move westward into the Kingdom of Korkis. When the naval fleet arrived in coastal Greek cities, the Romans forced several mountain fortresses to surrender with just military deterrence. Pompeii handed over the ownership of the kingdom to his puppet Aristarchus, who he supported, and successfully made Corkis a vassal state with Roman troops stationed.
Subsequently, the Roman navy began a comprehensive blockade of the Crimean Peninsula based in Greek cities on the east coast of the Black Sea. As for the army, they continued to return to the Iberian mountains to suppress those tribes who did not comply with the peace agreement between the king and Rome. In order to completely cut off the anti Romanist momentum, Pompeii was determined to head east and attack the Albanians who had not yet engaged in a large-scale confrontation with Rome. As they prepared to cross the turbulent Silunas River, all the animal power of the Roman generals was distributed on both sides, helping the soldiers wading in to reduce the impact of the water flow. Then, through 10000 skin bags that can store drinking water, prepare yourself with the necessary clean water source for crossing the desert.

Due to not expecting the Romans to penetrate their own territory, Albanians were also at a loss for a while. King Orothes was forced to engage in a decisive battle with Pompeii's main army on limited open land by the Abbasid River, ensuring that the land of his tribe was not affected. Although Albania claims to have 60000 infantry and 12000 cavalry, its actual strength is far less than half of the above figures. Even though the supply difficulties in the Caucasus mountainous areas have affected the number of troops, Pompeii actually has a slight numerical advantage. Therefore, he is more willing to engage in a decisive frontal confrontation as soon as possible.
In order to attract the hidden enemies in the mountains and forests, Pompeii deployed all his cavalry at the forefront. Pull the formation to its maximum length by reducing the depth thickness. Tens of thousands of infantry were divided into two wings, hidden behind the cavalry. Infantry were informed in advance to bend down and cover their metal helmets and weapons with shields. In this way, the Albanians in the distance felt that only cavalry appeared in front of them in the Roman army.
As a result, under the amazed gaze of the opponent, the Roman cavalry quickly turned around and retreated from the middle of the infantry line. Immediately, all the heavy infantry of the legion stood up and welcomed the charging Albanian infantry in a combat formation. The frontline infantry held heavy javelins and stabbed Caucasian noble cavalry off their horses. The second line in the rear threw a javelin, which hit the opponent's mountain infantry like a storm. Behind these heavy troops, there are also light infantry from Crete, Cyrenaica, Carthage, and Spain, providing firepower support with bows, arrows, catapults, and javelins. The continuous dense projection caused damage to the Albanians who lost their formation order during the charge.
At the same time, the cavalry who had previously retreated also completed reorganization behind the infantry team. They divided into two teams and flanked from both wings, almost completely enveloping the already chaotic enemy. Albanian soldiers have suffered heavy blows in the frontal battle and are even more difficult to defend against infantry and cavalry from both ends. A huge fear quickly spread within the team, prompting them to turn around and flee through the only gap. But there were still many leading aristocratic warriors who had no time to escape from the chaos.

With the surrender of the Albanians, Pompeii completed his conquest campaign in the Caucasus region. He also did not depose the other monarch, but instead used fines and other means to force Albania to become a vassal of the Roman Republic. In this way, the entire Caucasus region will no longer join the anti Roman camp of Eastern ambition.
Afterwards, Pompeii began to advance northward, preparing to attack the Kingdom of Bosphorus. But before he launched his final battle, the locals had already supported the son of Mithradates VI - Fanabazus. The king of the capital, who knew that his situation had passed, chose to commit suicide by the Black Sea in 63 BC. The long Mithradates War officially came to an end, and Pompeii merged Bithynia and Pontus into Roman provinces.
In the following centuries, the Caucasus region will become the easternmost frontier of Rome. The Roman army was usually stationed only in Greek cities by the Black Sea and maintained regional order through the local monarchs of the three kingdoms. In the early days of the imperial era, Rome also incorporated Corkis and Pontus into the province of Cappadocia to maintain this crucial strategic intersection. Through these measures, the Romans successfully protected the eastern border of the Anatolian Peninsula and almost controlled the Crimean Peninsula to the north. More importantly, the area served as a bridgehead to contain the Parthian Empire's northward expansion, and had a significant strategic deterrence against Armenia and later Sassanid Persia.

As for Pompeii himself, he chose to continue southward later.
Pompeii annexed the already powerless Seleucid royal family in Syria, turning Syria into a Roman province. He moved and intervened everywhere in Asia Minor and Palestine, supported new kings in Galatia, Cappadocia and Judea, enslaved some eastern countries in Rome, and even sent troops to protect the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Pompeii himself became the "king of kings" in some Eastern kingdoms. His power and prestige reached their peak, becoming the most powerful figure in Rome. Pompeii thus became the largest "Eastern conqueror" since the founding of Rome. In the civil war several years later, the wealth and army of the above areas became important resources for him to challenge Caesar.
In 62 BC, Pompeii returned to Rome loaded with spoils of war from the East. Due to the dissatisfaction of the Senate with his unauthorized granting of provincial tax authority to knights in the East, and even more concerned about his use of his influence to implement dictatorship, it was not until August 61 BC that the Senate held a triumphal ceremony for him. Pompey requested the Senate to approve the various measures he implemented in the East and distribute land to his veterans, but the Senate firmly refused. Pang Pei was extremely dissatisfied and began to confront the Senate. In 60 BC, he secretly formed an alliance with Caesar and the leader of the Knights, Crassus, known as the "First Trident Alliance" in history. Through the activities of the Three Headed Alliance, Pompeii's measures in the East were approved.
In order to better collude and make use of Caesar, Pompeii, who was nearly 50 years old, married Julia, the daughter of Caesar, who was only 14 years old.
The "Three Headed Alliance" is a transitional form from a republican system in crisis to a new imperial system, and it is also a temporary combination of the three heads to achieve personal dictatorship. Caesar's strength and reputation continued to improve due to his military victory in Gaul. Pompeii gradually leaned towards the aristocracy in order to confront both sides, especially Caesar.
In 56 BC, the three leaders held talks in Lucca to ease tensions and reached an agreement. Pompey and Crassus served as consuls in 55 BC, and after their term, they became governors of Spain and Syria respectively. Caesar's power in Gaul was extended for five years. However, after completing his term in 55 BC, Pompeii entrusted his army and Spain to deputy generals in order to control the political situation in Rome, and he remained in control of Rome. At this moment, in order to win people's hearts, he dedicated a grand new theater to Rome.

In 53 BC, Krasu died in the Battle of Kale, marking the end of the "Three Headed Alliance". The relationship between Pompey and Caesar was also severed due to Yulia's death. The civil war between the two over dictatorship is inevitable.
At that time, the political situation in Rome was turbulent and the social order was unprecedentedly chaotic, and the sentiment against the Senate was increasing day by day. In order to quell the riots, the Senate began to search for competent officials, and at that time could only choose one person between Pompey and Caesar. The Senate realized that Pompey was by no means an ideal figure, as he was not a true aristocratic figure and was adept at speculation and manipulation to achieve personal ambitions. However, Caesar's deep foundation among knights and commoners, as well as the threat posed by his military surge to a fragile republican system, made the elders and nobles more wary. The Senate had to reconcile with Pompey by repairing the old wounds. The Senate authorized Pompey as the sole consul for a term of two months, and his power was almost similar to that of the Dictator.
After taking office, Pompey quickly mobilized troops from Italy to suppress civilian riots. In order to protect the interests of the aristocracy, he issued a decree in 53 BC to oppose violence, bribery of officials, reform the litigation process, re-examine the list of judges, and declare that anyone can file charges against officials from 70 to 52 years ago. He used his power to point the spotlight at Caesar, proposing a law that there should be a five-year hiatus between the appointment of consuls and administrators in Rome and their appointment as provincial governors after their term. He also prevented Caesar from extending the term of Governor of Gaul in the second year, which was limited to March 49 BC and dismissed. So, Pompeii and Caesar finally publicly broke off.