Fredrich II (December 26, 1194 - December 13, 1250), the only Holy Roman Emperor after the restoration of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty (from November 22, 1220 to December 13, 1250). Frederick II's father was the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, and his mother was Constance of Sicily (the heiress of Sicily ruled by Normans). He was born in Jessi Mark Ancona of Ancona Border Region (Mark), Italy, and was the only child of Henry VI and his wife.
Frederick II paid great attention to the dignity of the emperor, leaving a large number of sculptures modeled after the Roman emperor, so that modern people can guess his appearance. When he was young, his appearance was quite beautiful and rich, and his personality seemed very quiet. But as he grew older, he became thinner and thinner, and his expression became more and more severe. In the sculpture of his old age, people saw a gloomy faced emperor, frowning, as if full of dissatisfaction and resentment towards the whole world.
Although he was an emperor expelled from the church, he guided the sixth crusade by diplomatic means and entered the Holy Land Jerusalem without death or injury. He was known as the "First modern ruler on the throne".

Queen Constance, the mother of Frederick II, was originally a princess of Sicily. Boccaccio recorded a legend about her in the Biography of Famous Women: there was a prophecy that her marriage would destroy Sicily, so William I forced her as a child to swear to keep her virginity forever. Since then, she was imprisoned in a monastery as a nun until she was more than 30 years old. In the eyes of medieval people, she was already an old woman, Therefore, she gradually forgot this unfortunate prophecy. At the age of 32, she married young Henry, later Henry VI.
Queen Constance had no children until she was 40 years old. It was surprising that she became pregnant. Some malicious people claimed that the son of a butcher would be replaced by the crown prince, which was a very dangerous rumor for the Sicilian royal family inherited by blood. On December 26, 1194, the queen felt the pain of childbirth on her way to Sicily (the emperor had been crowned the king of Sicily at Christmas). She set up a tent in the market of Jesse. In order to protect the legitimate inheritance right of children, she allowed the female citizens in the town to watch the delivery of the queen, and showed the naked breast dripping with milk to everyone.
Frederick was given the name FEDERICO RUGGERO in the baptism, the only time he met his father Henry VI: it means that he will inherit the names of his grandfather FEDERICO I and grandfather Roger II, as well as their great achievements, and become the king of Sicily and Germain.
Frederick II in Palermo
Frederick II's parents' marriage made him a natural successor to Sicily. He also won the crown of Germany in the routine "election". Henry VI let the princes elect the young Frederick as the king of Germany in December 1196, but at the same time, the hereditary system of the throne that the emperor tried to achieve failed due to the strong opposition of the Holy See. But when Henry VI died suddenly from malaria (September 28, 1197), Frederick II was still a child, and the emperor's will (possibly forged) planned for him an "ideal future". The concession of the empire to the Holy See guaranteed Frederick II a huge empire. However, upon the death of the emperor, Mark Walter of the Toru minister Anwel was driven out of Sicily by Empress Dowager Constance.

At the behest of Empress Dowager Constance, the young Frederick II gave up the throne of Germany and made her son crowned king of Sicily on May 17, 1198. One year after her husband died, the 44 year old Queen Mother Constance also came to the end of her life. She died on September 27, 1198. Before her death, she asked the powerful Pope Innocent III to protect the young king. Therefore, the young king grew up under the supervision of the pope and was called "the king nurtured by priests", while Germans liked to call him "the child of Apulia".
Of course, as the enemy of the empire, Innocent III did not become the responsible guardian of the poor royal orphan. The young Frederick II spent his childhood in neglect, even discrimination and abuse. He spent his whole childhood in Palermo, the capital of Sicily. In a palace full of intrigue and indifference, the child, although wearing a crown, was actually a prisoner who was constantly monitored. It is said that at the age of 6, he wore the king's elegant clothes and used his sharp fingernails to cut the silk clothes and his tender skin. No one cared about him. Sometimes even eating became a problem. The child wandered on the streets of Palermo, relying on the support of the emperor's family. Such a childhood was unimaginable to the emperor, but it was such a tragic and bumpy childhood experience that affected Frederick II's life. He treats people equally, and can talk with the groom equally. He only believes in himself, is extremely self, and is quite sophisticated. He is well informed and tireless in knowledge, which also started from his childhood life in the marketplace. (It is not true. The pope has sent a series of church members to supervise Frederick's life and education to a certain extent.)
At the age of 15, Innocent III, his guardian, finally did something important to get him married. He chose a bride for him, who was at least 10 years older than the young king and a widow, Constance, Princess of Aragon.
In 1211, because Otto IV was out of control, Innocent III proposed Frederick to be the king of Germany, and his eldest son Henry was crowned the king of Sicily, and his wife was the regent of the kingdom. So Frederick set foot on the road to Germain. In March, he left Palermo and arrived in Rome on Easter Eve to meet Innocent III. This was the only meeting between the two. Frederick swore allegiance to the Pope. Later, through Genoa, he reached Konstanz in July, and signed a joint fight against Otto IV with Louis VIII, the soon to be king of France, three months later. On July 12, 1213, in the pope's golden edict, he entrusted the separation of the Holy Roman Empire from the Kingdom of Sicily, gave up all German powers on the Italian peninsula, and promised to carry out the fifth crusade. The Pope was satisfied that he had completely controlled Frederick II. In 1214, Otto IV was defeated in the Battle of Bowens, which made Frederick II secure the throne of the Holy Roman Empire.

As soon as Frederick II came of age, he showed an attitude completely different from that of Innocent III. Honorus III, the successor of Innocent III, was an indecisive man who enabled Frederick II to use Sicily as his political base. In 1220, the imperial conference elected Frederick II as the king of Germany, and in that year Frederick II was crowned the Holy Roman Emperor, so the emperor's territory surrounded the papal state, which was strongly opposed by the popes of all generations. On the whole, Frederick II did not care much about German affairs. The center of his rule was Sicily. Italian cities have just defeated Frederick I, Frederick II's grandfather, by relying on the Lombardy League. They found themselves facing a more terrible Frederick.
In 1226, Frederick II granted Herman von Sarza, the head of the Teutonic Order, a license to conquer Prussia. Salza was one of Frederick II's most trusted advisers in his life.
In 1227, the stubborn Gregory IX was elected pope, and he spent the rest of his life fighting with Frederick II. He ordered Frederick II to lead the Crusade immediately. But Frederick II's crusaders encountered a plague and soon returned. Gregory IX did not believe that this was true, and he imposed an absolute punishment on Frederick II. Frederick II had to go to Jerusalem again.
The Crusade led by Frederick II was unique in the history of the Crusade. His actions surprised both the East and the West, but achieved the best results. In fact, Frederick II avoided any confrontation on the battlefield and returned to Jerusalem through negotiations. The Egyptian sultan praised him as the best European monarch. According to the peace treaty, Frederick II rebuilt the kingdom of Jerusalem and became king himself, and married the daughter of the former king. His unprecedented activities became the excuse for Gregory IX to oppose him. Gregory IX condemned Frederick for openly signing a contract with the pagans and sending troops to attack Sicily. However, the Pope greatly underestimated the power of Frederick II. Frederick II immediately returned to Italy to defeat the papal army. The two sides reached an armistice in 1230, and Gregory IX lifted Frederick's absolute punishment.

The contradiction between Frederick II and the papal state has been deep-rooted. In 1234, the Pope supported the German King Henry VII, the son of Frederick II, against his father. Frederick II soon put an end to the rebellion. He abolished his son's throne and imprisoned him for life in an Italian prison (1235). He has a strong supporter in Italy: Verona's governor, Ezelino III da Romano. With the support of the latter, he made a conquest of the anti imperial city alliance in southern Italy (1236). In 1237, Frederick II defeated the Alliance of San Zenones in Cortenova (Battle of Cortenova). In 1241, he attacked Genoa's fleet and captured two cardinals who were preparing to attend the meeting of the Pope to condemn Frederick II.
The new Pope Innocent IV showed a more severe attitude than Gregory IX. In 1245, he imposed an absolute punishment on Frederick II in Lyon, France (he chose Lyon to avoid the direct military threat of the emperor). Frederick II was faced with a serious situation: the pope's sanctions had damaged his reputation. In the era when people believed in Christianity, it was extremely dangerous for the monarch to be excommunicated. There had been many examples in this regard before. What's more, the German princes began to unite with the Italian cities against him. These princes have been a threat to every generation of emperors. In 1246, Henry, Duke of Thuringia, was elected as a hostile king with the support of the Pope and princes. Under various difficulties, Frederick II was defeated by the Italian Alliance in the Battle of Fusalta, and his son was captured.

Frederick II had been unable to find a reliable ally against Innocent IV. In December 1250, he suddenly fell ill during a hunting trip, possibly due to a stroke. Of course, there are rumors that he was killed by his son Manfred. On December 13, 1250 (the night of the devil), Frederick II died at the castle of Vorantino at the age of 56. The superstitious emperor once heard that he was asked to take care of the place name of "flowers", so he carefully set foot in Florence all his life, but fate arranged him to end his legendary life in the "Palace of Flowers" (Fiorentino Castle).
His death was concealed for some time, and finally he was buried in the basement of Palermo Cathedral, beside his parents. When he was buried, he wore a sack of repentance of felons instead of the magnificent shroud of the emperor. His body was also wrapped in a large silk cloth according to Arab customs, embroidered with a proverb: "The one who rules the world". This repentant sack coat still remains on the body of the emperor today, but the emperor who upset the world before his death has turned into a pile of reddish brown bones, which will soon turn into dust. Like all his love and hate.
When he was alive, he was born for Italy and forgot his father's country, Germany. He loved to say that he was the "King of Sicily" and only once in his life called himself the "King of the Romans" (i.e. the German King).

Frederick II left a deep impression, as if he were not a monarch but a scholar. He himself has mastered seven languages: German, Italian, French, Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Arabic. This is very surprising in the Middle Ages when education was relatively backward.
With some new ideas, he has made great achievements in developing industry and commerce. Frederick II attached great importance to education. He founded the first university in the kingdom of Sicily, the University of Naples (1224), and established a poetry school in Sicily. The emperor himself also wrote a collection of poems "The Art of Bird Hunting". Frederick II compiled the laws of Sicily into a collection of decrees. In natural science, Frederick II attached great importance to the knowledge of Islamic scholars. At that time, the cultural level of the Islamic world was far higher than that of Europe. He sometimes does some experiments, but these experiments are said to have turned into atrocities, Of course, this may also be a slander against him by the Pope.
Frederick II was a man with a strong desire to stimulate his senses. In other words, he had a strong sexual desire. His pursuit of femininity may come from the premature loss of maternal love, and his childhood is related to an environment where there is no care and love at all.
He loved women, loved many, many women and wrote many love poems for them that were sincere, passionate and unrestrained, even quite sensuous. It is said that when he was young and wandering, he became friends with prostitutes. At the age of 15, he married a beautiful widow, the former Queen of Hungary, who was at least ten years older than him. At the age of 17, he had his legitimate eldest son, Henri of Germany, the future co ruler. After the death of his favorite wife, he married twice again, and both of them died after giving birth to many children for him. On the deathbed of his favorite lover, he held a wedding ceremony with her. He also had a strange hobby. Like the former Sicilian kings, he loved the beautiful palace concubines in Arabia. He often took some Arab female slaves to travel with this rare animal.
Because Frederick II had been on a crusade all his life, people said that when he died, the devil took his soul from Mount Etna to hell. There is still a saying in Sicily that the king would ride a white horse to jump out of Mount Etna and save the world as a savior.