David (Hebrew: דָּוִד ‎； 1107 BC -1027 BC), the second king of the United Kingdom of Israel. He was the eighth son of Jesse, a Jewish tribe, born in Bethlehem and worked as a shepherd. In the process of growing up, he defeated Goliath the Philistine and was appreciated by King Saul. Later, in order to avoid Saul's pursuit of wandering people, Saul became the king of Judah after his death in battle. A unified kingdom of Israel was established around 1000 BC, with its capital Jerusalem. After David's death, Solomon succeeded to the throne. David established a unified and powerful state of Israel, which had an impact on the Jewish nation and the world.

Early life
The Great Health is located in Bethlehem, Israel. He was the eighth son of Jesse, meaning "beloved" or "beloved", chosen by the Lord as the anointed one.
Samuel, the famous prophet of Israel, poured the anointing oil on David's head at the direction of the Lord, and chose him to be king on behalf of God.
When David was young, he was skilled at playing the harp and was summoned to the palace in Gibeah to drive away demons for Saul.

National hero
When David was young, he coincided with the invasion of the Philistines and gathered at Sogo in Judah. King Saul of the United Kingdom of Israel led an army to confront him. The Philistines sent the giant Goliath to constantly provoke the Jews, saying, "Hurry up and call someone out to fight me, otherwise you will be cowards! The result has been many days of panic and no one has responded.
David came to deliver food to his brothers who were soldiers. After seeing three older brothers, I heard someone shouting and cursing outside the military camp. After asking the reason, I angrily went to fight Goliath. He did not wear a bronze helmet or armor, but fought with his bare hands. He killed the giant Goliath with a sling and a stone, becoming a sensational young hero and inspiring the Israelites. The Philistines suffered a disastrous defeat and returned.
When Saul, David, and the soldiers of Israel triumphed from the battlefield, Israeli women came out of the city, singing and dancing with joy, to welcome King Saul and the hero of the slaughter, David. Women sing in unison: Saul kills thousands of enemies! David kills countless enemies! This caused dissatisfaction among King Saul.

Saul's persecution
King Saul, in order to preserve his throne and honor, began to persecute David. However, he went to great lengths to kill David. At first, he married his daughter Mira to David and proposed that the dowry was a Philistine foreskin. In fact, he used a strategy of using the sword to kill David, but David succeeded. King Saul had to fulfill his promise, and David became Saul's son-in-law.
Saul attempted to assassinate David multiple times in the palace, but failed. As David's friend, Jonathan, the son of Saul, was also implicated. Saul's disgust towards David had reached an intolerable level, and David fled with the help of his wife Mira, starting a long exile life.
David fled south from Gibeah to Nob and was sheltered by Nob priest Ahimelech. This angered Saul and led to the collective slaughter of the priests in Nob by Saul (Samuel 22:6-19). David continued to flee westward to Gath, the hometown of Goliath the Philistine, and was found.
Later, he fled to the cave of Adullam, where he gathered the people and moved eastward to Mizpah in the land of Moab. Later on, he sneaked back to his residence in Judah. At this time, the king of Saul was still closely pursuing him. David hid in the west bank of the Dead Sea at Engedi, where he unexpectedly encountered Saul. However, David retaliated with kindness and did not harm Saul. Similar events are recorded twice in the Book of Samuel (see 1 Sam. 24 and 26).
King Saul betrayed his faith and swore to search him out of thousands of households, prompting David to decide to seek refuge with Achish king of Gath, the Philistine. David and his troops stationed in the southern border city of Zikla, and thus attacked the Amalekites and other desert tribes, capturing a large amount of supplies and spoils to strengthen their troops (1 Sam 27:1-10). David has shown a charismatic personality of bravery, wit, tolerance, and patience, attracting more and more people to join David.

Ascend to the throne as king
During the final battle between Saul and the Philistines in the northern border of Isaac, David was still attacking the Amalekites in the southern region where he fled. The tragic death of Saul and his three sons in battle enabled David to end his years of exile. Although Saul betrayed David, he always respected him as the anointed one of God, and there was a deep friendship between David and Jonathan.
When the news of Saul and Jonathan's death in battle came, David and his followers tore their clothes, mourned and wept, and declared a fast. David wrote a lamentation for Saul and Jonathan, called "The Song of the Bow". The song goes, "Israel, your honorable one has been killed on the mountain, how the great hero has died... O daughter of Israel, let me weep for Saul... My brother Jonathan, I mourn for you... How the hero has fallen, how the weapons of war have perished." This is a lamentation that has been included in the ancient collection of war songs, "The Book of Jasher", with sincere emotions and sorrow.
Then David left Ziklah and came to Hebron in the southern part of Judah, where the crowd gathered and appointed David as king. But Abner, the commander of Saul's army, appointed Ishbosheth, the son of Saul, as king in Mahanaim on the east side of the river to replace him, thus forming a situation where two kings were established side by side. A few years later, Ishbosher was assassinated by his subordinates, so all the tribes of Israel supported David as the king of the United Kingdom of Israel (2 Samuel 4:5~5:5).
When David ascended the throne, he was only thirty years old. He was determined to inherit Saul's cause and drive the Philistines out of Palestine (Israel). David reigned in Hebron for seven years and six months, and after capturing Jerusalem, he reigned in Jerusalem for thirty-three years. [1]
After David came to power, in order to consolidate the hearts of the people and fulfill his promise to Jonathan, he treated the descendants of the house of Saul kindly. Mephibosheth, the son of Jonathan, was authorized to eat with David (see 2 Sam 9:7). He also presided over a grand funeral for Saul and Jonathan, buried in the tomb of Saul's father Kish.
External expansion
David reigned for forty years, and every year he did not go out on the expedition. He defeated the Philistines, Canaanites, and Amalekites. The territory of the Kingdom of Israel has expanded unprecedentedly, from Lebanon and Syria in the north to the Egyptian border in the south, including the western part of Jordan.

David had multiple wives and children throughout his life, and in his later years, there would inevitably be intrigues and conflicts among his sons over the succession to the throne. As early as in Hebron, David had six wives and six sons, including the third son Absalom and the fourth son Adonijah. After the capital moved to Jerusalem, David set up more concubines and had eleven sons, including Solomon, the son of Bathsheba (see 2 Sam 3:2-5; 5:13-16).
Among David's many sons, the palace life was extremely chaotic, and there were irreconcilable contradictions among them, even resorting to force, in order to win the inheritance of the throne. Absalom's armed rebellion is a prominent example: Absalom is the son of Maacah, the daughter of David and Talmai, the king of Arange Kishur. His mother belongs to the royal lineage. Absalom has an extraordinary appearance and a rare beautiful hair. Absalom seems to have the right conditions to inherit the throne of David. Absalom himself was also ambitious and prepared to seize power and usurp the throne in many ways. First, he used Amnen to rape his sister Tamar, and murdered David's eldest son and his half brother Amnen (2 Sam 13:22-29). Then he actively launched activities to win people's hearts.
Absalom quickly organized a rebel army, and became king in Hebron in the south. He openly launched an army and revolted with great momentum. David was forced to abandon Jerusalem and flee east with his people, crossing the Jordan River to Mahanaim. After Absalom's rebels entered Jerusalem, they did not accept the advice of Ahithophel, the former counselor of King David, who had defected to Jerusalem in time, and quickly pursued David's remnant soldiers. David got a break in Hedong. With the help of the people, he collected the remnants and reorganized the team. He organized three groups of soldiers to fight against the rebellion. As a result, the rebel army collapsed, Absalom fled on a mule, his hair entangled the branches in the forest, Absalom hung in the air and was stabbed to death by the pursuers. The rebellion was declared to be pacified.
In his later years, David's other son Adonijah received support from David's priest Abiathar and general Joab, demanding that David appoint him as the heir to the throne. At the same time, Nathan the prophet and Bathsheba Solomon's mother urged David to make Solomon king. David promised his beloved wife, anointed Solomon with an oath, and handed over his private Philistine soldiers to him as a specific proof: Solomon became king in Gihon, Isaac was the priest, Nathan was the prophet, and Benaiah son of Jehoiada was the general. When Adonijah heard of this, his joy turned to grief (1 Kings 1:1-53). Adonijah was afraid of losing his life, so he grabbed the horn of the altar and made a final struggle. As a result, Adonijah was executed by King Solomon because of King David's wife Abishag.

(1) Capture Jerusalem
Referring to (2 Sam 5:6-16), build a palace and a city, and name it the City of David. Jerusalem is located in the central part of the country, making it an ideal location for unifying the country. Jerusalem also became the political center of Israel after that.
(2) Reformation
Reference (Sa 6:1-7:29). Religion is the main tool for uniting the people of the whole country. David transported the Ark of the Jewish Bible to Jerusalem and designed a magnificent palace for it. David declared Judaism the national religion, and the Lord God was the only God of Israel. From then on, this great city - Jerusalem - became the spiritual center of the Jewish nation. In order to manage the numerous worship rules in public worship, David appointed Zadok and Ahimelech as priests (2 Sam 8:17).
(3) Unmatched military achievements
Reference (scattered 8:1-18). During David's reign, he conquered the Philistines, Edom, Moab, and Ammonites, making them slaves to Israel; At that time, the powerful Syrian city-states of Damascus, Zobah, and even Hamath were under David's control or obedience. Israel has become the most powerful country in western Asia, stretching from the desert to the Mediterranean, and from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Hama border on the Orondi River.
(4) Centralization of governance
David's Reformation, military achievements, political and social restructuring all required significant changes in the administrative structure. The Bible has two lists of David's officials (2Sam 8:15-18, 20:23-26), including the commander of the infantry of Israel (Joab); A leader in charge of the Philistine mercenaries (the Cherethites and Pelethites); Zadok and Abimelech, the priests in charge of religious affairs; Two secretaries record official, national, and administrative documents; And a supervisor in charge of the 'person who serves hardship', managing labor from foreign countries. These officials do not have independent power, and Wang is the absolute leader in every aspect (military, religious, and political). He closely monitors the work of officials and has the final decision-making power.