Dante Alighieri (Italian:. In Italy, he is known as il Sommo Poeta (the highest poet) and il Poeta (the father of Italian).
Dante is the greatest poet in Europe and one of the greatest writers in the world. Engels commented, "The end of the feudal Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern capitalist era are marked by a great figure, who is the Italian Dante. He was the last poet of the Middle Ages and also the first poet of the new era.". [1]
Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio were pioneers of the Renaissance, known as the "three giants of the Renaissance" and also known as the "three literary masters".

Early deeds
In late May 1265, he was born in Florence and claimed to be a Miao descendant of the ancient Romans. He came from a small urban aristocracy and his great grandfather, Cachagueda, accompanied Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III to participate in the Second Crusade (1147-1149). He was knighted and died in battle in the Holy Land. Grandmother Gao is from the Po River basin, and her surname Aligieri later became the surname of the family.
Dante was eager to learn and contemplate during his youth, and learned preliminary knowledge about Latin, logic, and rhetoric in school. Later, he studied rhetoric with the famous scholar Bruneto Latini, including the art of public speaking and writing Latin letters, which was necessary for holding public office and participating in political activities. More importantly, through self-study, he was exposed to the works of Latin poets, French knightly legends, and Provence lyrical poetry. At the age of 18, he had already learned how to write poetry. At that time, Florence was the center of the "gentle new form" poetry school founded by the Bolognan poet Guido Guinezeli. Dante exchanged gifts with some poets of this school of poetry, and formed a deep friendship with the leader of the school, Guido Cavalcanti. The first poem Dante gifted to poets such as Cavalcanti was a sonnet that expresses his love for Beatrice. Dante's love for Beatrice is spiritual and mysterious. After her death, Dante combined his love for her and other related poems in prose to create his first literary work, named "The New Life.".

The love for Beatrice is one of Dante's profound life experiences as a poet. After her death, Dante devoted himself to studying philosophy in search of spiritual sustenance. Firstly, I read Boezius's "On the Comfort of Philosophy," followed by Cicero's "On Friendship," as well as other philosophical works and Seneca's "Moral Dialogue.". In addition to the required reading of the Christian Bible, he also extensively read the works of scholarly philosophers such as Albertus, Thomas Aquinas, and Arab philosopher Averoi. Then, he peeked at Aristotle from Thomas Aquinas. At the same time, he also extensively read Horace's "The Art of Poetry" and the works of Virgil, Ovid, and Lucanus. He read extensively and acquired extensive knowledge in the field of medieval culture, providing favorable conditions for his later creations.
political life
In June 1289, he participated in the Battle of Campardino, and in August of the same year, he also participated in the battle of Florence's capture of the Capona Castle in Pisa. Starting from 1295, he actively participated in political activities and contributed his efforts to his hometown of Florence.
In 1266, after the Guelph Party finally defeated the Gibelin Party, the internal struggles in Florence remained fierce. In 1293, a guild democratic regime was established, consisting of six administrative officials who served a term of two months and were re elected. They represented the ruling class, including seven major guilds: wool merchants, silk merchants, woolen merchants, fur merchants, silver merchants, lawyers, as well as doctors and pharmacists, known as "fat men". The guild democratic regime does not allow nobles to serve as administrative officials. According to the Justice Act revised in 1295, non wealthy nobles can hold public office by joining a guild. Dante joined the guild of doctors and pharmacists to participate in political activities. From November 1285 to April 1286, he was a member of the Special Conference of the People's Chiefs. From May to September 1296, he was a member of the Hundred People Council (City Council nature). In May 1300, he served as a special envoy and invited San Gimigiano to attend a joint meeting of the Toscona Guelph party city. Subsequently, he was elected as an administrator for a term from June 15 to August 15, 1300.

At that time, the Florence Guelph é party had already split into black and white parties. The struggle between the black and white parties, in addition to family hatred and class conflicts, is also mixed with personal enmity, ambition, greed, and other factors, making the situation exceptionally complex. The internal strife in Florence was further intensified due to external interference. Pope Bonifacius VIII, under the pretext that the Holy Roman Emperor had not yet been crowned, attempted to exercise the power of the emperor and placed the entire territory of Toscona under his rule.
When Dante served as an administrator, he prioritized the interests of the republic. When there was a bloody conflict between the black and white parties, he dealt with the incident fairly and suggested that the government exile the leaders of both parties to the border, including his friend and white party leader Guido Cavalcanti. During his tenure, he withstood the pressure of the Vatican and thwarted the conspiracies of the papal envoys. The strong attitude of the Florentine government angered the Pope, who ordered the serving administrators to be expelled from the church. Due to the delayed execution of the papal envoys, Dante's term had expired and he was not punished.
After leaving the administrative position, he continued to participate in political struggles. In March 1301, he opposed allocating funds to King Charles II of Naples, who colluded with the Pope, at a council of advisors to help him reconquer Sicily. From April 1st to September 30th of the same year, he was once again a member of the Hundred People Conference; At two meetings on June 19th, Dante opposed supporting the Pope's expansion of power. At the same time, the Black Party attempted to gain power through the power of the Pope, but Dante was forced by the situation to approach the White Party, which had a more moderate attitude and was more concerned about the future of the republic. The White Party sent Dante and two other representatives to Rome in order to salvage the situation. During this period, the mafia, with the support of the papal power, seized power and carried out extensive persecution against the opposition party. On January 27, 1302, Dante was sentenced to a fine of 5000 small florins on charges of embezzlement of public funds, opposition to the Pope and Charles, and disruption of the peace of the Republic. He was exiled from Toscona for 2 years and was never allowed to hold public office. Dante refused to admit the charges imposed. Due to failure to pay a fine upon expiration and returning to his hometown to plead guilty, he was sentenced to permanent exile on March 10 of the same year.

A life of exile
To maintain the independence of the republic, he believed that being exiled was a glory. At first, he tried to fight back to his hometown with the exiles of the White Party, but soon he left his evil and foolish companions. He first went to the court of the feudal lord Bartolomeo de la Scala in Verona. In his long-term wandering, he lamented that he had to "travel almost begging, traveling almost everywhere where this language (referring to Italian) is spoken.". The hardships of the exile made him miss his hometown even more and care for the fate of his family. According to the law, his sons who have reached the age of 14 will also be exiled like him. He plans to write academic works to restore and enhance the reputation damaged by poverty and exile, in order to fulfill his desire to return to his hometown. For this purpose, he wrote two works between 1304 and 1307.
During his exile, he saw the magnificent mountains and rivers of his homeland, interacted with various social classes, enriched his life experience, deepened his patriotism, and expanded his horizons from Florence to the entire country of Italy and the Christian world. Realizing his responsibility to expose reality, awaken people's hearts, and point out the historical mission of political and moral revival to Italy, he interrupted the writing of "On Common sayings" and "Feast" and began to create "Divine Comedy" around 1307.
In 1310, newly elected Henry VII came south to Italy for coronation, claiming to eliminate disputes between cities and parties, to bring all exiles back to their hometowns, and to achieve lasting peace. Dante was full of hope and wrote a letter to the Italian princes and people, calling on them to show love and welcome to the emperor. But Florence united with the nobles of the Guelph Party and armed themselves against Henry VII. For this reason, on March 31, 1311, Ding wrote a letter to the "extremely vicious Florentines", angrily condemning their crimes, and then on April 16, he wrote a letter to the emperor, urging him to march quickly to suppress them.

Henry VII died of illness in 1313, but Dante remained disappointed and firmly believed that there would be someone who could bring things right. In 1311, Florence granted amnesty to exiles, but he was not among them. In May 1315, in a letter to a friend, he firmly refused to return to his hometown under the humiliating conditions of paying a fine and publicly confessing. In November of the same year, the Florence government sentenced him and his sons (charged as descendants of rebels) to death together. He wrote a letter condemning the Florentine government in the Cassentino region. Shortly after the death of Henry VII, he went to the court of the feudal lord of Verona, Cangrand de la Scala, and received generous treatment. Later, Dante dedicated several chapters from "The Divine Comedy: The Heavenly Kingdom" to him, along with a Latin letter explaining the theme, purpose, and four meanings of the entire book. After the death of Pope Clement VII in 1314, Dante wrote a letter to the cardinals of Italy, urging them to choose Italians as popes and relocate the Vatican from Avignon back to Rome to break free from the control of the French king. Finally, he accepted an invitation from Guido Novello da Porenta and settled in Ravenna. During his time in Verona and Ravenna, he mainly devoted himself to writing the Divine Comedy. As soon as he finished writing, he was entrusted by Guido Novello to negotiate in Venice. Unfortunately, he contracted malaria and passed away on September 14, 1321, shortly after returning to Ravenna.

New Life
"The New Life" is a work by Dante that expresses his love for Beatrice, consisting of 31 lyrical poems connected in prose, explaining the origins and significance of each poem. The book describes Dante's first encounter with Beatrice at the age of 9, and her image resembles that of a "young angel". When she reappeared before his eyes 9 years later, love dominated his soul. He was afraid that others would see his admiration for her, so he pretended to fall in love with some other women and wrote poetry to express his love for them. Beatrice ignored him no longer. At first, he was immersed in a state of sadness, but later with spiritual love, he focused on writing poetry praising her, sending her as an angel sent by God to save his soul. After her death, Dante was heartbroken. The pity of a "young and beautiful" noble woman moved him deeply, leading to a new love story. But the image of Beatrice reappeared in his memory, and he felt ashamed and regretful. Finally, after experiencing a magical dream, he decided not to talk about this person who enjoys the blessings of heaven until he was better suited to talk about her. At that time, about her, he wanted to talk about things that people have never said about any woman before, which was the end of the entire book.
The poems in the book are works from 1283 to 1292. The initial poems followed the style of Guitou ne Darezzo, stiff and rough, while later poems were influenced by Guido Cavalcanti to depict love as a fierce and terrifying force. The drawback of these works is the lack of intrinsic passion. In his poem praising Beatrice, Dante portrays her in the manner of Guido Guinezeli as an angel, full of spiritual beauty and noble moral power. These poems are imbued with religious mystery, and their artistic style is fresher and more natural than that of Guinezeli, making them the highest achievement of the "gentle new form" poetry school.

The prose section is also adapted to poetry, rich in lyrical charm, simple and pure language, concise and smooth writing, and unparalleled in 13th century Italian prose. The formation of prose style is heavily influenced by Latin, especially the Bible.
"The New Life" also has significance and value in literary history: it vividly portrays the love and artistic views of the "gentle new form" poetic school; As a work of memoirs and confessions, it also has certain origins with French knightly legends and Provence knightly lyrical poetry.
Besides "Divine Comedy", "New Life" is Dante's most important literary work.
Poetry Collection
Dante's poems praising Beatrice and expressing love for other women, as well as some poems that he gave as gifts to other poets, as well as some allegorical and moral poems, are scattered in the transcripts of ancient Italian poetry, making it difficult to verify their authenticity and dating. There are over a hundred poems that have been identified as Dante's works. The love poems not included in "The New Life" can serve as supplementary materials to understand Dante's spiritual life during his youth and see some other characteristics of his lyrical poems. The poetry presented to other poets, especially to Guido Cavalcanti, helps to understand the ideals of the "gentle new form" poetry school towards life and art, as well as the position of poetry in 13th century Florence life.
Dante's allegorical poetry is themed around praising "philosophy", first depicting "philosophy" as a gentle woman who comforts the poet's sorrowful soul after the death of Beatrice; Later, she was portrayed as a cold and frosty woman, symbolizing the difficulties encountered in the process of learning philosophy. Moral poetry praises virtue and regards it as an external manifestation of the beauty of philosophy itself. These poems paved the way for the philosophical part of the Divine Comedy.

There are also four unique "stone poems" in the Book of Songs, which express the love for a cold and charming woman named Pietra (also known as Stone). This love is no longer a gentle admiration, but a strong desire. In order to express this new content, the poets of Provence, especially Arnold Dannier, used intricate and complex rhythms. Some people believe that the poetry portrays true love, some believe it is purely allegorical, and some believe it is a new exploration and attempt in poetics. There is also debate about the year of writing, but it can almost be determined as a work from before exile. In terms of art, these four poems have a rough and vigorous style, which is unique in expressing strong passion and describing natural scenery, marking the end of Dante's "gentle new form" period of poetry creation.
After his exile, Dante's life experiences gradually transformed him from a poet who wrote about love to a "singer of justice.". The most representative work is the allegorical and moral poem "Three Women Come to My Heart", in which justice and other virtues are abandoned by the world but forever revered by kind-hearted people. The poet realizes that justice and virtue are in his own right, so he feels that being exiled is honorable, but at the same time, he feels the pain of being far away from his hometown. This psychological state was later reflected multiple times in the Divine Comedy, and the style of the poem also bears certain characteristics of the Divine Comedy.

Feast
"Feast" is a work with encyclopedic nature. The author used Quan to interpret some of his poems and introduced various knowledge to readers in a popular way as spiritual nourishment, hence the name "Feast". The original plan was to write 15 papers, with the first one serving as an introduction to the entire book and the remaining 14 interpreting 14 poems, but only 4 were completed.
The Feast demonstrates Dante's profound knowledge and unique insights. It is worth noting the viewpoint on "nobility" in the book. Dante believed that "nobility" lies in an individual's innate love for virtues, not in family status, and criticized feudal hierarchical and privileged ideas.
The great significance of "Feast" lies in its emphasis on reason, pointing out that "without reason, humans are no longer human beings, but only sentient beings, that is, animals."; Believing that what truly makes people noble and close to God is reason. This viewpoint glimmers with the dawn of humanistic thought.
Due to the limitations of the times, the discourse and reasoning of "Feast" were entirely based on scholarly philosophy, but it was the first academic work in Italy written in colloquialism, setting a brilliant example for later scholars. The book also praises Italian idioms, expressing a love for the language of our motherland.
On Common sayings
"On Common sayings" is the earliest work written in Latin about Italian, its style, and poetry. The book clarifies the superiority of colloquialism and the necessity of forming a standard Italian language, which is of great significance for solving the national language and literary terminology in Italy. From the book, we can see the theoretical basis for Dante's writing of "Divine Comedy" in Italian.
The original plan for this book was to write at least 4 volumes, but it only ended in Chapter 14 of Volume 2. Starting from the origin and history of language, the views on issues in the book often carry medieval biases. When it comes to Italian, according to the characteristics of local dialects, the national dialects are divided into 14 types. This was commendable at the time and truly one of the pioneers of modern linguistics.
The focus of the book is on addressing the issues of Italian national language and literary language. He believes that only the language of Guido Cavalcanti and himself, as well as other excellent writers, is suitable as standard language and literary language. This argument emphasizes the role of writers in forming national languages and has profound significance.

On the Imperial System
"On Imperialism" is a Latin work that systematically expounds his political views through scholarly reasoning, with a utopian color. The whole book consists of three volumes. The first volume argues for the necessity of empires. The second volume argues that the right to establish an empire was destined by fate to belong to the Romans. The third volume points out that among all things, only humans have both a perishable part (body) and an indestructible part (soul). Therefore, life has two purposes: one is to enjoy the happiness of living in this world, and the other is to enjoy the eternal happiness of heaven in the next life. According to heaven's regulations, two different authorities guide humanity to achieve these two different goals: the emperor guides humanity on the path of worldly happiness based on philosophy; The Pope, based on the truth of revelation, guides humanity on the path of enjoying the blessings of heaven in the afterlife. These two authorities are both directly entrusted to heaven and exist independently of each other. As a pioneer of humanism, Dante first affirmed that worldly life has its own value and does not belong to the religious purpose of eternal life in the afterlife. Taking this as a starting point, it is of great significance to clarify the viewpoint that the separation of church and state and the Pope's right to interfere in politics pose a challenge to theocracy.
Divine Comedy
The specific year of writing in "Divine Comedy" is difficult to determine. According to research, it began around 1307, with "Hell" and "Purgatory" completed around 1313, and "Heavenly Kingdom" completed shortly before his death. Before the release of "The Kingdom of Heaven", the first two articles had already been transcribed and published. The original manuscript of "Divine Comedy" has been lost. There are significant differences in various copied texts, and the proofread version of the Italian Dante Society is generally used.

The Divine Comedy takes the form of medieval fantasy literature. The poem tells the story of Dante, who "discovered in the middle of his life journey (1300 AD) that he was lost and wandering in the forest." At the beginning of his mountaineering journey, he was blocked by three wild beasts (leopard, lion, and wolf). At a critical moment, the ancient Roman poet Virgil appeared, entrusted by Beatrice to rescue Dante and guide him through hell and purgatory. Then Beatrice guided him on a journey to heaven. Like many ancient Chinese literary works, the plot of the entire book is full of symbolism and has sparked many debates in its interpretation. However, the main theme of the work is quite clear: in the era of old and new alternations, individuals and humans go through hardships and tests from confusion and mistakes to reach the realm of truth and the highest good. Centered around this central idea, "Divine Comedy" extensively reflects reality, providing an artistic summary of medieval culture, while also revealing the dawn of humanistic thought in the Renaissance era.
"Divine Comedy" is a long epic poem, divided into three parts, each with 33 chapters. In addition, the preface of the entire book consists of 100 chapters, totaling 14233 lines. The last line of each part is rhymed with the character "star". This symmetrical layout and the symmetrical structure of the three realms in poetry are all based on the mysterious and symbolic concepts of numbers in the Middle Ages.
The Divine Comedy is written in three rhyme sentences, which is a new rhythm created by Dante based on a popular rhythm in folk poetry. More importantly, the Divine Comedy was written in Italian slang, which played a significant role in solving the problem of literary language in Italy and promoting the unity of the Italian national language, making Dante the first Italian national poet.
The original name of "Divine Comedy" was "Comedy", but comedy here does not have any dramatic meaning. Due to the historical reasons for the evolution of drama in the Roman era, the concept of drama as primarily a performative art was already very vague in the Middle Ages. It was customary to refer to narrative literary works as tragedies or comedies based on differences in subject matter and language styles. Dante was named "Comedy" because this work narrates the journey from hell to heaven, from suffering to happiness, with a happy ending. Boccaccio highly praised this work in Dante, calling it the "sacred" comedy. The Venetian version in 1555 was first titled "The Holy Comedy" and was subsequently widely adopted. The Chinese translation is commonly referred to as "Divine Comedy".
Dante is a poet in the history of European literature who carries on the past and opens up the future. Marx and Engels highly praised him and even quoted lines and character images from the Divine Comedy in his works. The Divine Comedy has been translated into many languages and has become a common spiritual wealth for people around the world. The earliest translations in our country include: 1. Qian Daosun, translated from the original text in the style of Sao, rhymed in three rhymed sentences according to the original text, published in Volume 12, Issue 9 of the 1921 "Fiction Monthly"; 2. Wang Weike, translated from the original text, prose translation, published by the Commercial Press from 1939 to 1948.

"Divine Comedy" is a work with strong political tendencies. In order to awaken people's hearts and pave the way for reform, Dante extensively and profoundly exposed the political and social realities of that time in his works. He strongly condemned Emperor Rudolf I and Albert I's father and son for only expanding their power in Germany and not exercising imperial power in Italy, allowing the imperial garden (referring to Italy) to be abandoned. The poem also faithfully depicts the social and political changes in Florence during the transition from feudal to capitalist relations, with particularly sharp exposure and criticism of the church. The poem vividly illustrates the idea of political and religious separation in "On Empires", opposing the Pope's control of secular power. His representative figure is Pope Bonifacius VIII, who attempted to establish theocratic rule, and his crimes are often exposed in the poem.
The revelation of reality in Divine Comedy is generally achieved through the portrayal of characters. The exposed and the exposed are mostly famous figures from history or contemporary times, because Dante believed that only through famous figures and events can people's hearts be moved and reform be achieved as soon as possible.
The Divine Comedy reflects the achievements and major issues in the field of medieval culture through Dante's conversations with famous figures he encountered in hell, purgatory, and heaven. Therefore, "Divine Comedy" also plays a role in spreading knowledge and has the nature of an "encyclopedia". But this has to some extent damaged the artistic quality of this work.
The Divine Comedy affirms the significance of worldly life, believing that it is not only a preparation for eternal life in the afterlife, but also has its own value. The poem shows Dante's interest in worldly life and struggle. The poem emphasizes that people are endowed with reason and free will, and have moral responsibility for their own actions. In life and struggle, they should follow the guidance of reason and be like a tower. It is necessary to "overcome inertia, because sitting on a cushion or sleeping in a quilt will not become famous; to spend one's life in obscurity, one leaves traces in the world like smoke in the air or foam on the water". This pursuit of honor is one of the characteristics of Dante as the first poet of the new era. The poem warmly praises heroic figures from ancient and modern times, serving as shining examples in life and struggle.
The Divine Comedy also portrays Dante as a pioneer of the Renaissance, opposing medieval obscurantism and advocating for the development of culture and the pursuit of truth. The poem praises human talent and wisdom, and highly praises classical culture: Aristotle is called "the master of philosophers", Homer is "the king of poets", Virgil is called "the ocean of wisdom" and "the glory of Latin people"; He also praises the hero Ulysses (Odysseus) in Homer's epic, who was driven by a thirst for knowledge. After his victory in the expedition to Troy, he persisted in his heroic act of maritime exploration and pointed out through his words that humans were "not born to live like beasts, but to pursue virtue and knowledge.".

The Divine Comedy also reflects the contradictions in Dante's worldview. For example, in the poem, Virgil is used as a guide to travel to hell and purgatory, and Beatrice is used as a guide to travel to heaven, indicating that the author is still limited to the scholarly philosophical views of faith and theology above reason and philosophy. On the one hand, he affirmed the pursuit of virtue and knowledge as the purpose of life through the words of Ulysses mentioned above, and on the other hand, he affirmed the limitations of reason through Virgil's words: "Whoever hopes that human reason can traverse the infinite path of the Trinity of God is insane." He affirmed the necessity of pursuing honor through Virgil's words, and at the same time, he explained the illusory and impermanent nature of honor through Aldrich's words. In terms of political views, Dante longed for justice and peace in his homeland, but at the same time pinned his hopes on the pure medieval political power of the Holy Roman Emperor. In his attitude towards the characters in the poem, he is often contradictory. On the one hand, according to the moral standards of the church, he placed Paul and Francisca in hell as sinners of lust, but at the same time, he was extremely sympathetic to their fate and fainted. The book repeatedly exposes the crimes of Pope Bonifacius VIII, declaring that he must go to hell while still alive, but seeing his humiliation in Anani as a disgrace to Christ (because the church considers the Pope to be the representative of Christ in the world), and is filled with righteous indignation.
The Divine Comedy depicts the afterlife, but it is a reflection of the present world: hell is the actual situation of the present world, the kingdom of heaven is the ideal that is striving to achieve, and purgatory is the arduous process that must go through from reality to ideal. The book exposes reality and focuses on depicting the ideals of life. This indicates that "Divine Comedy" is not purely realistic, but also romantic. In the dark reality, the poet yearns for a world free from darkness and sin.
The characters in "Divine Comedy" form a rich and diverse gallery. As the protagonist of "Divine Comedy", the poet portrays his personality and spiritual outlook in the most meticulous way. Although Virgil and Beatrice have symbolic significance, they are not conceptualized or abstracted, displaying distinct personalities to varying degrees. On various occasions, Virgil appeared as a mentor and father, while Beatrice appeared as a lover, elder sister, and loving mother, teaching, criticizing, encouraging, and rescuing Dante. In poetry, character is often portrayed through the actions of characters in dramatic scenes and the exploration of behavioral motivations. Dante outlines the characteristics of character images, sometimes using only a few words.

Virgil's depiction of Aeneas traveling through the underworld under the guidance of witches in the Book of Aeneas, as well as the various mysterious scenes revealed by Christ to St. John in the Book of Revelation in the New Testament, have had an impact on the writing of Divine Comedy. In the Middle Ages, many fantasy literature works depicting hell, purgatory, and heaven were popular, but the descriptions were vulgar, rough, fuzzy, and chaotic. The depiction of hell, purgatory, and heaven in Divine Comedy is well-defined and imaginative. The poet subdivides the three realms of hell, purgatory, and heaven into several layers, reflecting the moral significance that the author intends to elucidate based on philosophical and theological perspectives. The nature of the three realms is different. Hell is a realm of pain and despair, with dark or uneven tones; Purgatory is a realm of tranquility and hope, with a soft and refreshing tone; The kingdom of heaven is a realm of happiness and joy, with a brilliant and dazzling color scheme. In Hell, Dante uses natural scenes to depict the suffering of characters, while in Purgatory, he directly describes natural scenery. In Heavenly Kingdom, he depicts an intangible, pure spiritual world. The descriptions of these realms are very realistic, making people feel as if they have experienced them firsthand. The description of nature is often highly expressive, indicating Dante's extreme sensitivity to the beauty of nature. This is also a characteristic of him as a poet of the new era.
Dante is adept at using metaphors from real life and nature when shaping character images and describing situations. For example, he described the ghosts staring at Dante and Virgil, saying they were like an old tailor staring at the eye of a needle while threading it. The more unusual the scene he writes, the more he uses familiar things as metaphors. Metaphors make characters and situations stand out. Dante also uses metaphors to describe a person's psychological and mental state. For example, after listening to Virgil's words, one's doubts dissipated and their spirits lifted, like small flowers that drooped and closed at night under the invasion of cold air. When exposed to sunlight, they rose and bloomed on the stem.
Although the detailed description of "Divine Comedy" is highly skilled, its main achievement lies in its high degree of summarization and synthesis. This work integrates the poet's inner life experience, religious passion, and patriotic thoughts, integrating historical and realistic, classical, and Christian factors into a harmonious whole. At this point, "Divine Comedy" is indeed very successful.

German philosopher, revolutionary, educator, and military theorist Friedrich Engels: The end of the feudal Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern capitalist era are marked by a great figure, who is the Italian Dante. He was the last poet of the Middle Ages and also the first poet of the new era. [4]
John Ruskin: Dante is the central figure of all worlds. [5]
Eliot: Dante and Shakespeare are both regarded as the two unparalleled giants of Western literary post classicism - there is no third.