Dante Alighieri (Italian:. In Italy, he is known as il Sommo Poeta (the highest poet) and il Poeta (the father of Italian).
Dante is the greatest poet in Europe and one of the greatest writers in the world. Engels commented, "The end of the feudal Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern capitalist era are marked by a great figure, who is the Italian Dante. He was the last poet of the Middle Ages and also the first poet of the new era.". [1]
Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio were pioneers of the Renaissance, known as the "three giants of the Renaissance" and also known as the "three literary masters".

Early deeds
In late May 1265, he was born in Florence and claimed to be a Miao descendant of the ancient Romans. He came from a small urban aristocracy and his great grandfather, Cachagueda, accompanied Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III to participate in the Second Crusade (1147-1149). He was knighted and died in battle in the Holy Land. Grandmother Gao is from the Po River basin, and her surname Aligieri later became the surname of the family.
Dante was eager to learn and contemplate during his youth, and learned preliminary knowledge about Latin, logic, and rhetoric in school. Later, he studied rhetoric with the famous scholar Bruneto Latini, including the art of public speaking and writing Latin letters, which was necessary for holding public office and participating in political activities. More importantly, through self-study, he was exposed to the works of Latin poets, French knightly legends, and Provence lyrical poetry. At the age of 18, he had already learned how to write poetry. At that time, Florence was the center of the "gentle new form" poetry school founded by the Bolognan poet Guido Guinezeli. Dante exchanged gifts with some poets of this school of poetry, and formed a deep friendship with the leader of the school, Guido Cavalcanti. The first poem Dante gifted to poets such as Cavalcanti was a sonnet that expresses his love for Beatrice. Dante's love for Beatrice is spiritual and mysterious. After her death, Dante combined his love for her and other related poems in prose to create his first literary work, named "The New Life.".
The love for Beatrice is one of Dante's profound life experiences as a poet. After her death, Dante devoted himself to studying philosophy in search of spiritual sustenance. Firstly, I read Boezius's "On the Comfort of Philosophy," followed by Cicero's "On Friendship," as well as other philosophical works and Seneca's "Moral Dialogue.". In addition to the required reading of the Christian Bible, he also extensively read the works of scholarly philosophers such as Albertus, Thomas Aquinas, and Arab philosopher Averoi. Then, he peeked at Aristotle from Thomas Aquinas. At the same time, he also extensively read Horace's "The Art of Poetry" and the works of Virgil, Ovid, and Lucanus. He read extensively and acquired extensive knowledge in the field of medieval culture, providing favorable conditions for his later creations.

political life
In June 1289, he participated in the Battle of Campardino, and in August of the same year, he also participated in the battle of Florence's capture of the Capona Castle in Pisa. Starting from 1295, he actively participated in political activities and contributed his efforts to his hometown of Florence.
In 1266, after the Guelph Party finally defeated the Gibelin Party, the internal struggles in Florence remained fierce. In 1293, a guild democratic regime was established, consisting of six administrative officials who served a term of two months and were re elected. They represented the ruling class, including seven major guilds: wool merchants, silk merchants, woolen merchants, fur merchants, silver merchants, lawyers, as well as doctors and pharmacists, known as "fat men". The guild democratic regime does not allow nobles to serve as administrative officials. According to the Justice Act revised in 1295, non wealthy nobles can hold public office by joining a guild. Dante joined the guild of doctors and pharmacists to participate in political activities. From November 1285 to April 1286, he was a member of the Special Conference of the People's Chiefs. From May to September 1296, he was a member of the Hundred People Council (City Council nature). In May 1300, he served as a special envoy and invited San Gimigiano to attend a joint meeting of the Toscona Guelph party city. Subsequently, he was elected as an administrator for a term from June 15 to August 15, 1300.
At that time, the Florence Guelph é party had already split into black and white parties. The struggle between the black and white parties, in addition to family hatred and class conflicts, is also mixed with personal enmity, ambition, greed, and other factors, making the situation exceptionally complex. The internal strife in Florence was further intensified due to external interference. Pope Bonifacius VIII, under the pretext that the Holy Roman Emperor had not yet been crowned, attempted to exercise the power of the emperor and placed the entire territory of Toscona under his rule.

When Dante served as an administrator, he prioritized the interests of the republic. When there was a bloody conflict between the black and white parties, he dealt with the incident fairly and suggested that the government exile the leaders of both parties to the border, including his friend and white party leader Guido Cavalcanti. During his tenure, he withstood the pressure of the Vatican and thwarted the conspiracies of the papal envoys. The strong attitude of the Florentine government angered the Pope, who ordered the serving administrators to be expelled from the church. Due to the delayed execution of the papal envoys, Dante's term had expired and he was not punished.
After leaving the administrative position, he continued to participate in political struggles. In March 1301, he opposed allocating funds to King Charles II of Naples, who colluded with the Pope, at a council of advisors to help him reconquer Sicily. From April 1st to September 30th of the same year, he was once again a member of the Hundred People Conference; At two meetings on June 19th, Dante opposed supporting the Pope's expansion of power. At the same time, the Black Party attempted to gain power through the power of the Pope, but Dante was forced by the situation to approach the White Party, which had a more moderate attitude and was more concerned about the future of the republic. The White Party sent Dante and two other representatives to Rome in order to salvage the situation. During this period, the mafia, with the support of the papal power, seized power and carried out extensive persecution against the opposition party. On January 27, 1302, Dante was sentenced to a fine of 5000 small florins on charges of embezzlement of public funds, opposition to the Pope and Charles, and disruption of the peace of the Republic. He was exiled from Toscona for 2 years and was never allowed to hold public office. Dante refused to admit the charges imposed. Due to failure to pay a fine upon expiration and returning to his hometown to plead guilty, he was sentenced to permanent exile on March 10 of the same year.

A life of exile
To maintain the independence of the republic, he believed that being exiled was a glory. At first, he tried to fight back to his hometown with the exiles of the White Party, but soon he left his evil and foolish companions. He first went to the court of the feudal lord Bartolomeo de la Scala in Verona. In his long-term wandering, he lamented that he had to "travel almost begging, traveling almost everywhere where this language (referring to Italian) is spoken.". The hardships of the exile made him miss his hometown even more and care for the fate of his family. According to the law, his sons who have reached the age of 14 will also be exiled like him. He plans to write academic works to restore and enhance the reputation damaged by poverty and exile, in order to fulfill his desire to return to his hometown. For this purpose, he wrote two works between 1304 and 1307.
During his exile, he saw the magnificent mountains and rivers of his homeland, interacted with various social classes, enriched his life experience, deepened his patriotism, and expanded his horizons from Florence to the entire country of Italy and the Christian world. Realizing his responsibility to expose reality, awaken people's hearts, and point out the historical mission of political and moral revival to Italy, he interrupted the writing of "On Common sayings" and "Feast" and began to create "Divine Comedy" around 1307.
In 1310, newly elected Henry VII came south to Italy for coronation, claiming to eliminate disputes between cities and parties, to bring all exiles back to their hometowns, and to achieve lasting peace. Dante was full of hope and wrote a letter to the Italian princes and people, calling on them to show love and welcome to the emperor. But Florence united with the nobles of the Guelph Party and armed themselves against Henry VII. For this reason, on March 31, 1311, Ding wrote a letter to the "extremely vicious Florentines", angrily condemning their crimes, and then on April 16, he wrote a letter to the emperor, urging him to march quickly to suppress them.
Henry VII died of illness in 1313, but Dante remained disappointed and firmly believed that there would be someone who could bring things right. In 1311, Florence granted amnesty to exiles, but he was not among them. In May 1315, in a letter to a friend, he firmly refused to return to his hometown under the humiliating conditions of paying a fine and publicly confessing. In November of the same year, the Florence government sentenced him and his sons (charged as descendants of rebels) to death together. He wrote a letter condemning the Florentine government in the Cassentino region. Shortly after the death of Henry VII, he went to the court of the feudal lord of Verona, Cangrand de la Scala, and received generous treatment. Later, Dante dedicated several chapters from "The Divine Comedy: The Heavenly Kingdom" to him, along with a Latin letter explaining the theme, purpose, and four meanings of the entire book. After the death of Pope Clement VII in 1314, Dante wrote a letter to the cardinals of Italy, urging them to choose Italians as popes and relocate the Vatican from Avignon back to Rome to break free from the control of the French king. Finally, he accepted an invitation from Guido Novello da Porenta and settled in Ravenna. During his time in Verona and Ravenna, he mainly devoted himself to writing the Divine Comedy. As soon as I finished writing, I was commissioned by Guido Novello to go to Venice for negotiations, but unfortunately contracted malaria。He passed away on September 14, 1321, shortly after returning to Ravenna.