Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Saudi Arabia Bin Abdullah bin Faisal Al Saud (December 2, 1880 – November 9, 1953), also known as Ibn Saud or Abdul Aziz, was the 10th leader of the Saudi family, pioneer of the Wahhabi modern state, and founding king of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (reigned from 1932 to November 9, 1953). [1-3] The son of Emil Abdul Rahman Saudi Arabia.
Ibn Saud was exiled to Kuwait at the age of 11 due to his family being expelled by the Rashid family. In 1901, he led 40 camel soldiers from Kuwait and attacked Riyadh at night the following year. After two years of hard work, we have regained control of half of the central region of the Arabian Peninsula. [8] In 1906, he captured Gesim, killed Rashid, and later proclaimed himself as the Emir of Neizhi. The Ikwan Movement was launched in 1910. In 1913, it was called the Sultan of Najd. In 1914, the territory was expanded to the Persian Gulf, and in 1925, the entire territory of Hanzhi was conquered, achieving the unity of Neizhi and Hanzhi. In 1932, the acquired territory was unified into Saudi Arabia and renamed as the king. During his reign, he implemented authoritarian rule, developed the power of the Wahhabi faction, consolidated the ruling position of the Saudi family, fought against foreign enemies, and maintained national independence. Oppose Zionism in diplomacy, advocate for the defense and restoration of the legitimate rights of Palestinian Arabs, and oppose communism. In 1933, a large amount of land was leased to American multinational oil companies for oil extraction, making Saudi Arabia a major oil producing and exporting country. [7] In 1953, Ibn Saud passed away in Taif and was buried in Riyadh. [4] [13]
Ibn Saud is the founder of modern Saudi Arabia, known as the "Lion of the Arabian Peninsula". He not only accomplished the great cause of national unity, but also paved the way for the development of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from an agricultural and pastoral country to a modern oil kingdom.

Refuge to other countries
Ibn Saud was born on December 2, 1880 (December 29, 1297 in the Islamic calendar) in a palace in Riyadh, Inner Arabia. He studied the Quran at the age of 7, completed all scriptures at the age of 11, and also studied Islamic law. [4]
During Ibn Saud's childhood, there were warlords on the Arabian Peninsula. Najd (also known as Najd, located in the hinterland of the Arabian Peninsula), Hijaz (also known as Hanjd, located in the western part of Najd), Jebel Shamar (located on the northeast border of Najd), Ghasim (located in the eastern part of Najd), Hasa (located in the eastern part of Ghasim), Asir (located south of Hanjd), and the Sirhan Valley (located north of Najd) were respectively governed by chiefs and governors, formally submitting to the Ottoman Empire, but in reality, each governed independently. There are more than 100 nomadic tribes in these areas, whose leaders proclaim themselves kings and often engage in fierce battles. Ibn Saud's father, Abdul Rahman Saud, was an Emir in the Najd region, occupying a corner. [4]
In 1891, due to internal strife in Najd, Ben Rashid of the Rashid Emirate took the opportunity to send troops and annex Najd, leading to the downfall of the Second Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Ibn Saud followed the Saudi family to seek refuge in Kuwait, followed his father, attended various meetings, and learned about the situation and history of the Arabs. Subsequently, he gained the favor of the Emir Mubarak of Kuwait and had the opportunity to meet knowledgeable individuals from all walks of life, gaining rich knowledge in history, society, scripture annotations, religious rituals, and other aspects.

Reclaim the former territory
During his exile in Kuwait, Ibn Saud had extensive contact with nomads, gained a clear understanding of their suffering and desires, and gained insight into the drawbacks of nomadic society. Especially at that time, Kuwait was in a political vortex of intense competition among Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire. This environment deepened Ibn Saud's understanding and comprehension of international and political issues, and also sparked his strong love for the Arab nation and country. During the Kuwait period, Ibn Saud established the idea of unifying the Arabian Peninsula and restoring the kingdom created by his ancestors. [17] To achieve this goal, he pleaded with the Emir of Kuwait, Sabah, for support and received 30 rifles and 40 camels. In the autumn of 1901, he led over a hundred soldiers to attack Riyadh. Encountering enemy obstruction on the way, the personnel dispersed, leaving only 60 soldiers in the end. But Ibn Saud was not discouraged and vowed to capture Riyadh. He once again led the remaining troops into the desert, circling forward day and night, sneaking towards their destination. [4] [13]
While many people thought this team had already been buried in the sand, Ibn Saud suddenly arrived on the outskirts of Riyadh on October 3, 1902. He personally led 7 people to infiltrate the city and hid in a residential building near the local official residence. Then another 30 people infiltrated. Launch an attack that night, kill the defending commander, and force the defending army to surrender. The next day at dawn, Ibn Saud announced the restoration of the throne in the square. This miraculous victory won the admiration of some tribes in the nearby area. They came one after another to surrender. Ibn Saud and his archenemy Rashid engaged in a struggle for neighboring areas and captured Anize and Breda in 1904; In 1906, he captured Gesim and killed Rashid in the Battle of Gesim, avenging the Saudi family. Ibn Saud designated Riyadh as the capital of the Emirate of Najd and proclaimed himself the Emir of Najd.

Unification Peninsula
Main entry: Ibn Saud Conquers the Battle of Hanzhi
After Ibn Saud established his foothold, he worked hard and went through five large-scale battles to expand his sphere of influence and unify the Arabian Peninsula. [4]
In 1913, Ibn Saud launched a surprise attack and captured the Ottoman Empire's directly administered province of Hassa, obtaining a sea port and creating favorable conditions for economic development, especially overseas trade. From then on, Ibn Saud proclaimed himself as the Sultan of Najd. In order to deal with strong enemies and seek asylum, he signed the Treaty of Darling with Britain in 1915. According to the treaty, Britain recognizes Ibn Saud as the Emir of Najd, Qasim, and Hassa, guarantees to assist the Emir in defending against external threats, and pays an annual subsidy of £ 60000 to the Emir; Emir, on the other hand, accepts protection from Britain without its consent, does not sign treaties and agreements with third countries, and does not infringe on Britain's interests in various protected territories in the Arab world. The Treaty of Darling effectively abolished the independent status of the Emirate of Neizhi. [4]
The unification war of Ibn Saud was carried out under the banner of religion. He stipulated that herdsmen should adhere to the teachings of the Sunni Wahhabi sect of Islam, and stipulated that the monarch should also serve as the religious leader. He called on all tribes in the Arabian Peninsula to unite and drive out the unorthodox Muslims - Turks. He advocates for the restoration of the purity of early Islam, opposes the worship of prophets and other followers, opposes scholastic theology, prohibits ancestral worship, prohibits worship of the tombs of prophets, condemns superstition, and strictly prohibits smoking, drinking, singing, dancing, and gambling. In 1910, Ibn Saud, relying on religious teachings, promoted the "Ihwan" (brotherhood that worships the One Allah) movement, established a semi agricultural and semi military "Ihwan" village, organized a loyal and religious fanatic army, and relied on this armed force to create a country and unify the Arabian Peninsula. [4]
In 1918, Hussein ibn Ali, the ruler of the Hashemite family and ruler of the Kingdom of Hanzhi, launched an attack on Hulma, a vassal of Nazhi, and carried out extensive looting and killing. The Khuma followers of the Wahhabi sect sought help from Ibn Saud, who sent 12000 Ikhwan troops to advance towards Khuma, resisting and defeating the Han army, opening the door to the holy land of Islam - Mecca. [4]
In 1920, he led his army to attack the capital of the Emirate of Jebel Shamar, Al Khail, besieging the city for 55 days, forcing it to surrender, capturing its Emir, and incorporating the entire Emirate into the territory of Najd. Then, taking advantage of the victory, we advanced north and captured areas such as the Silhan Valley, Haibar, and Taima.

In 1922, there was a dispute between Najd and the Kingdom of Iraq over the ownership of certain areas in the Sirhan Valley. Tribes in the two border areas clashed over pastures and water sources, leading to bloody battles. Under British coercion, Ibn Saud signed the Uqqal Treaty, which delineated the northeast border of Najd and assigned parts of Najd to Iraq and Kuwait. [4]
In 1923, Chief Asir requested protection from Ibn Saud due to an internal rebellion. He quickly dispatched troops to stabilize the situation, and on October 21, 1926, he signed an agreement with the chief, making Asir the "protectorate" of Najd. [4]
In 1924, Ibn Saud led his army to confront King Hussein of Hanzhi in Taif, claiming that he wanted to dominate and obstruct the pilgrimage. He defeated the enemy's main force, occupied Mecca, and besieged Jeddah and Medina. On January 8, 1926, Hanzhi surrendered and Ibn Saud was proclaimed as the King of Hanzhi. From then on, his title was "King of Hanzhi, Sultan of Neizhi and its territories". He is not only well-known in the Arab world, but also has become an international news figure. [4]
Consolidate governance
After conquering a vast region, Ibn Saud began to consolidate the unity of the country. He quickly quelled the rebellious activities of some tribal leaders. In 1926, Faisal Dawish, the chieftain of the Mutil tribe in the Najd region, joined forces with the leaders of tribes such as Utaba and Ajiman to launch a rebellion with the support of the British. By 1927, more and more tribes were involved. On October 19, 1928, Ibn Saud held a special congress in the capital and delivered a lengthy speech condemning the rebellion. He told the representatives that if they wanted him to abdicate, he decided to abdicate. He said, "I am not the kind of person who will cling to the throne and wait for exile. You can recommend anyone from the Saudi family, and I will provide support." The congress passed a resolution expressing support for Ibn Saud. Afterwards, he organized a team of 12000 people to quell the rebellion in Dawish. Dawish was seriously injured, and the other leaders surrendered.

At the end of 1929 and the beginning of 1930, the chief of the Rual tribe, Farhan Mamur, joined forces with some of the Ikwan leaders to launch a larger scale rebellion. The rebellion spread across vast areas from Jebel Shamar to the Persian Gulf. Davys has once again risen up in rebellion. The British and Iraqi authorities also support the rebellion. Ibn Saud used armored vehicles and other mobile units to defeat the rebels. In January 1930, the British authorities had to extradite Dawish and others to Ibn Saud. After the rebellion was quelled, Ibn Saud abolished the Ikhwan military organization and began establishing a regular army equipped with modern weapons. [4]
In the early 1930s, Abdullah, the son of Hussein and Emir of Outer Jordan, put forward the slogan "Hanzhi belongs to Hanzhi people" to confront Ibn Saud. Ibn Saud successfully thwarted his offensive. [4]
The suppression of these rebel activities marks the further unification and strengthening of centralization in Ibn Saud's country. [4]
Establishing a country
On August 3, 1926, Ibn Saud promulgated the Constitution of the Kingdom of Hanzhi, declaring that "full authority to manage the Kingdom of Hanzhi" belonged to him. Hanzhi was a "Muslim monarchy with an advisory body and independent domestic and foreign affairs.". In January 1927, he renamed the Sultanate of Najd as the "Kingdom of Najd", and himself changed his name to "King of Hanzhi, Najd, and their territories". On May 20th of the same year, Ibn Saud signed the Jeddah Treaty with Britain through diplomatic channels, replacing the Darling Treaty of 1915. Britain recognizes the absolute independence of Ibn Saud's territory, and its special rights are revoked; Ibn Saud acknowledges the special relationship between Britain and protected areas such as Kuwait, Bahrain, and Aden. [4]
In 1931, Ibn Saud ordered the formation of a Hanzhi Council of Ministers personally chaired by the king. He also abolished the name of the administrative division used by the Turks and replaced it with a unified Emir region. [4]
On September 18, 1932, Ibn Saud issued a decree to "unify the various regions of the Arab Kingdom", instructing the Council of Ministers of Hanzhi to draft the kingdom's constitution, succession law, and administrative organization law. Ibn Saud officially named the unified country the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This news was officially announced in the 406th issue of the Capital Daily on September 23, which was designated as the Kingdom's National Day. Ibn Saud was also renamed as the King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

The Saudi family established political alliances with many tribes through marriage, thereby achieving a close integration of state power and tribal society. The extensive marital relationships have led to the massive size of the Saudi family. Ibn Saud had a large number of wives and concubines, with numerous descendants. The power struggle among various branches within the Saudi family, as well as the political core orientation of Ibn Saud's direct members and the political marginalization tendency of his collateral members, constitute prominent phenomena in the political life of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [10]
According to Islamic tradition, the succession law to the throne includes "appointment law," "selection law," "negotiation law," "crown prince law," and "eldest son inheritance law." Ibn Saud innovated the system by stipulating that the current king must select the crown prince in the early stages of his reign; Regardless of age, the crown prince is the eldest brother and the younger brother, rather than being passed down from father to son. The hereditary throne is limited to the legitimate descendants of Ibn Saud. This regulation has become the inheritance law of the current King of Saudi Arabia. [4]
In 1933, Ibn Saud designated his second son Saudi Arabia (whose eldest son Turki died in 1919) as the Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [10]
While consolidating national unity and strengthening centralized rule, Ibn Saud has taken some reform measures to promote commercial prosperity and improve people's lives. Some conservative tribal leaders, clergy, and religious fanatics opposed his reform measures. They see all modern things as devil's tricks, smashing cars, destroying weapons, playing radio, and even causing trouble, with the largest one being the 1927 Harb tribal uprising. Ibn Saud mercilessly suppressed the uprising and adopted a collective extermination method called "Istisbakh" against all untamed tribes. At the same time, he proposed an enlightened Wahhabi doctrine theory that any new technology, as long as it does not conflict with Islamic spirit, can be accepted even if it is not explicitly stated in the Quran.

Circling various countries
Ibn Saud implemented a policy of good neighborliness towards Arab countries. In 1933, he leased about two-thirds of the land area to the Arab American Oil Company, making Saudi Arabia an important oil producing and exporting country, laying the foundation for the development of the national economy. [4]
During World War II, Ibn Saud declared neutrality between the two major groups of Germany, Italy, Britain, and the United States. Saudi Arabia had a "friendly treaty" with Germany as early as 1929 and agreed to Dali in 1932. Germany and Italy have been fighting against the United States and Britain for oil in Saudi Arabia, striving to win over Ibn Saud. Due to pressure from the United States and Britain, after the outbreak of the war, Ibn Saud abolished the "friendly treaty" with Germany. In September 1941, he expelled German Ambassador Groba; In 1940, diplomatic relations with Italy were severed. [4]
In May 1943, Saudi Arabia established diplomatic relations with the United States. In December of the same year, the Commander in Chief of the United States Near East Armed Forces, Royce, visited Saudi Arabia to discuss the construction of military airports in Dalan and Dauk. From 1944 to 1946, the United States built a military airport in Dalan. [4]
On February 14, 1945, he met with US President Franklin Roosevelt on his way home from the Yalta Conference aboard the USS Quincy. During the talks, Saudi Arabia reiterated its consent to the free use of ports in the Persian Gulf by the US and British fleets, the construction of huge military airports, the guarantee of US oil concessions, and the permission for the United States to lay a trans Arab oil pipeline connecting Kazakhstan and the Mediterranean. [4] This historic meeting laid the foundation for the strategic partnership between Saudi Arabia and the United States to exchange oil for security. [15]
After World War II, Ibn Saud further leaned towards the United States. In 1951, they signed the General Agreement on the Fourth Point Plan, the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement, and the Darlan Airport (Lease Rights) Agreement with the United States. In 1952, the United States established the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority in Saudi Arabia to control its financial affairs. The United States has greatly strengthened its political, economic, military, and cultural infiltration into Saudi Arabia. [4]
Death
Faced with the contradiction between an extremely impoverished Arab lifestyle and huge oil revenues, Ibn Saud in his later years often found himself in a state of confusion, distress, and depression. At the same time, he also had difficulty walking due to arthritis and almost lost sight in both eyes. [8]
Ibn Saud passed away on November 9, 1953 (March 2, 1373) in Taif at the age of 73. His body was transported back to Riyadh and buried in a rudimentary tomb without any buildings.