Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaulti de Galilei (February 15, 1564 – January 8, 1642) was an Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer, and the founder of modern natural sciences in Europe. He passed away at the age of 77. Galileo is known as the 'father of observational astronomy', 'father of modern physics',' father of scientific methods', and 'father of modern science'.
Galileo studied the principles of velocity and acceleration, gravity and free fall, relativity, inertia, and projectile motion, and engaged in applied science and technology research. He described the properties of pendulum and "hydrostatic equilibrium", invented thermometers and various military compasses, and used telescopes for astronomical observations. His contributions to observational astronomy include using telescopes to confirm the phase of Venus, discovering Jupiter's four largest satellites, observing Saturn's rings, and analyzing sunspots.

Galileo's advocacy of heliocentrism and Nicolaus Copernicanism was controversial throughout his life, as most people supported the geocentric model (such as the Tychonic system), but he faced opposition from astronomers who doubted heliocentrism due to the lack of stellar parallax. This matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, and the conclusion drawn was that heliocentrism was "foolish and absurd in philosophy". Due to obvious contradictions with papal rule in many places, it is considered heretical in form. Galileo later defended his views in the "Dialogue on the Two Main World Systems" (1632), which seemed to attack Pope Urban VIII, thereby alienating him from the Jesuits who had always supported Galileo. He was tried by a religious tribunal, found to have a strong suspicion of heresy, and was forced to withdraw.
He spent the rest of his life under house arrest. During his house arrest, he wrote "Two New Sciences," which summarized his work forty years ago on the two sciences now known as kinematics and material strength.

Galileo was born on February 15, 1564 in Pisa, Italy (part of the Duchy of Florence), as the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei and Giulia (n é e Amannati), a Catholic, composer, and music theorist. [2]
Name source
Galileo tended to address himself only by his own name. At that time, surnames were optional in Italy, and his surname had the same origin as his surname Galilei. His name and surname both come from his ancestor Galileo Bonaiuti, who was an important physician, professor, and politician in 15th century Florence. In the late 14th century, in honor of him, his descendants referred to themselves as Galileo. Galileo Bonaiuti was buried in the same church as the Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence, and about 200 years later, his more famous descendant Galileo Galilei was also buried. When he mentions his name, he sometimes uses Galileo Galilei LinCEO, referring to his membership in the elite scientific organization Lincei Acadamy among Italian humans. In mid-16th century Tuscan families typically named their eldest son after their parents' surname. Therefore, Galileo Galilei was not necessarily named after his ancestor Galileo Bonifaci. The Italian male name "Galileo" (hence the surname "Galileo") comes from the Latin word "Galil æ us", meaning "Galilee", which is an important region in the Bible of northern Israel.

The biblical origins of Galileo's name and surname will become the subject of famous puns. In 1614, during the Galileo affair, one of Galileo's opponents, Dominican priest Tommaso Caccini, delivered a controversial and influential sermon to Galileo. He pointed out in Acts 1:11, 'Why do you gaze upon heaven, Galileans?'.

Childhood
Similar to the situation of a child from a middle-class family, he received private education. At around the age of 10, his family moved from Pisa to Florence, where Galileo continued his studies before being sent to the Camaldolese monastery in Vallabroso. Galileo told his family that he hoped to be trained as a missionary, but his father wanted Galileo to follow in the footsteps of his contemporaries and become a doctor. Vincenzo sent Galileo back to Florence, where he continued to study religion through correspondence. [4]
Working period
Galileo studied medicine at the University of Pisa in 1580.
Cardinal Bellamin once wrote in 1615 that the Copernican system could not be defended without "true proof that the sun did not revolve around the earth and that the earth revolved around the sun. Galileo believed that his tidal theory provided such evidence. This theory was so important to him that he initially intended to refer to his dialogue on the "two major world systems" as the "Dialogue on the Rise and Fall of the Sea". The term 'tide' was removed from the title according to the order of the religious tribunal.
For Galileo, tides were caused by the back and forth movement of water in the ocean, due to the slight acceleration and deceleration of the Earth's surface caused by its rotation and orbit around the Sun. He distributed his first tidal description to Cardinal Orsini in 1616. His theory enabled people to understand for the first time the importance of the shape of ocean basins on the size and timing of tides; For example, he correctly explained the insignificant tides in the middle of the Adriatic Sea compared to the end. However, as a general explanation of tidal causes, his theory was a failure.

If this theory is correct, then there will only be one orgasm per day. Galileo and his contemporaries realized this deficiency because Venice had two orgasms a day instead of one, about 12 hours apart. Galileo ruled out that this anomalous phenomenon was caused by some secondary factors, including the shape, depth, and other factors of the sea. Albert Einstein later stated that Galileo developed his "fascinating arguments" and accepted them without criticism out of a desire for physical proof of the motion of the Earth. Galileo also refuted the idea that the moon, as known to ancient and contemporary Johann Kepler, caused tides. Galileo was not interested in Kepler's elliptical planetary orbits either. Galileo also continued to advocate his theory of tides in his dialogue (fourth giornata).