Abd al Rahman III (891-961) was the second caliph of the Umayyad dynasty in Andalusia. Born in Cordoba. Born into the Maiye royal family of Later Wu, he is the grandson of the seventh Emir Abdullah and was born to a Christian female slave. His father Muhammad was killed in the palace struggle. Having received good education and training from the court, proficient in Greek and Islamic culture, resolute and brave.

In 912, he succeeded his grandfather Abdullah as Emir. When he succeeded to the throne, the Later Umayyad dynasty split, and local separatist forces competed for dominance. Riots continued to occur in various regions, with only Cordoba and its surrounding areas under central jurisdiction. He worked hard to revive the dynasty, assessed the situation, strengthened centralization, and implemented a mercenary system.
From 913 to 918, various rebellions were suppressed internally, the separatist forces were weakened, and lost provinces and regions were gradually recovered, leading to a stable political situation. Externally, personally lead the army to march north.
In 920 AD, he defeated the Christian King of Leon, Odono II, and razed the important city of Saint Esteban.
In 924, the capital of the Kingdom of Navana, Panplola, was destroyed, forcing the kingdom to submit and pay tribute to it.
In 928, the Bobastro fortress, which was dominated by Ibn Havelson in the south, was captured, and all the Visigothic nobles were captured in Cordoba.
In January 929, he issued a proclamation to the whole country, declaring himself as the Caliph and establishing the Cordoba Caliphate. The title of "Caliph Defending the Religion of Allah" was adopted in official documents, earning the honorific title of "Chief of the Believers".
In 931, the occupation of Ceuta in North Africa forced some local leaders in the interior of Morocco to surrender, and later took the opportunity to expand their influence to Tiaret in Algeria.
In 932, Toledo, the center of long-term turmoil, was captured. Thus, the rule of the Umayyad people over Andalusia was restored. Strengthening naval construction, its fleet suppressed the Fatimid navy's attacks on the southern coast of Spain, and gained commercial and military hegemony in the western Mediterranean. Byzantine Western and other countries sent envoys to reconcile with it.

During his 50 year reign, he enjoyed political prosperity and a flourishing economy and culture. Historians hailed him as the "great revivalist" of the later Wu Maiye dynasty. Skilled in governing the country, integrating administrative, military, judicial, and religious powers, establishing a centralized system of government and religion, with governors, military commanders, and judges appointed directly by the caliph. Adopt a tolerant policy towards Christians, allowing them to engage in religious activities and hold positions in the government. Allocate huge amounts of money to build water conservancy, cultivate wasteland, improve farming techniques, develop agriculture, reward commercial and handicraft workers, develop maritime transportation and trade, increase national treasury revenue, making Spain one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. Advocate for Islamic cultural education, encourage academic research, establish Cordoba University, and attract Muslim and Christian students from Spain and North Africa to come and study. Established 27 free higher education institutions in Cordoba. Order the construction of mosques, libraries, bookstores, observatories, hospitals, and public bathhouses in various places. The Zahra Palace, built with grandeur and splendor, is the most charming palace in Europe. The capital Cordoba is home to a gathering of scholars from both the East and the West, with a large number of Muslim scholars making contributions in various fields of academic and cultural studies. (Yang Keli)