Zoser, according to different spellings or Djoser, was a pharaoh of the Third Dynasty of ancient Egypt (according to some archaeologists, his reign was 2780-2760 years ago).

Zoser is the most famous pharaoh in the Third Dynasty of Egypt. He once ordered his officials - Imhotep to build the first pyramid in Egyptian history - the Zuesser Pyramid in Sakara, his tomb. Other spellings of his name include Djoser, Dzoser, Zozer, Dsr, Djeser, Dj é s è r, Horus Netjerikhet and Horus Netjerichet.
Although the definition of the period of the Old Kingdom is still controversial, it is generally believed that the Third Dynasty was in the 27th century BC, while Zuessel's reign was probably between 2635 and 2610 BC.
Pharaoh Zuessel defeated the nomads on the Sinai Peninsula and conquered part of Nubia. He also built fortifications south of the First Falls of the Nile.
Zuessel ordered his Prime Minister Imhotep to build a stepped pyramid for him in Sakara, south of Cairo. This is the first typical pyramid in Egypt.

In the literature at that time, Zuessel was called Netjerikhet, meaning "the body of the gods". Scholars confirmed that Nitjericht was Zuessel through the later documents, including those referring to him in the New Kingdom.
In the list of Manito kings, the first pharaoh of the Third Dynasty was called Necherophes; In the list of kings of Turin, the pharaoh was called Nebuchka. Today, many Egyptologists believe that Zuesser was the first pharaoh of the Third Dynasty of Egypt. They point out that the order of several pharaohs before Khufu recorded in Westkasha papyrus indicates that Nibuka should be behind Zuesser and before Khuni. More importantly, English Egyptologist Toby Wilkinson has proved that the tomb secret certificate found at the entrance of Kasekeemway's tomb in Abaddos belongs to Zuesser, not Nibuka. This shows that Zuessel (not Nibuka) presided over the burial ceremony of Kasekeemway, and directly inherited the throne of Kasekeemway.
Sphinx
Sphinx
Zuessel ruled Egypt for 29 years, while the King of Turin recorded that his reign was 19 years. Because Zuessel built large buildings (especially in Sakara), some scholars believe that his reign should be close to 30 years. According to Wilkinson's restoration and analysis of Palermo stone tablets, Manito's data seems more accurate. According to the stone tablet records recovered by Wilkinson, Zuessel ruled Egypt for "28 whole years, or nearly 28 years". The fifth section of Palermo Stone Tablet and the fifth section of Cairo Fragment 1 recorded the number of cattle and livestock in the first five years and the last ten years of Zuesser's rule respectively.
During his reign, Zuessel launched several expeditions to the Sinai Peninsula and conquered the local indigenous people; He also sent people here to mine turquoise, copper and other minerals. This situation is recorded in the inscriptions found in the desert of Sinai Peninsula; In these inscriptions, the symbols of Seth and Horus also appeared at the same time - a situation that was quite common in the Kasekemian period. As a buffer zone in the Nile Valley and Asia, the Sinai Peninsula also has a very important strategic value.
According to records, during the Zuessel reign, the Nile River was not flooded enough, and the agricultural harvest in Egypt failed, which eventually led to famine. The stone tablet inscribed on the island of Sehel near the First Falls of the Nile in southern Egypt reads: "I am very sad to tell the world that Egypt is in extreme suffering. The Nile has not flooded for seven years. Our granaries are empty, people do not have enough food to fill their bellies, the national treasury is poor, and people are trapped by hunger... People are dying, and do not worry about it."
Faced with such a severe test, Zuessel was very anxious. His prime minister Imhotep (also translated as Indotian) was wise and wise. He ordered the construction of the temple of Khnum, but the famine ended miraculously. This legend reflects that during the reign of Zossel, the territory of Egypt has expanded to the first waterfall of the Nile River.

On the secret seal of an earthenware pot in the Kasekeemway period, the wife and queen of Kasekeemway, Nima Usap, was entitled "the mother of the prince". Some scholars believed that she was Zuessel's mother, while Kasekeemway was his father. On the other hand, the secret seal of the pottery pot in Zuessel period also called Nima Usap "the mother of the king of two places". Even in the time of Snivuru, her worship was still very active.
Many boundary tablets unearthed at the site of the Zuessel Pyramid (now in several museums) and fragments of inscriptions found in a building in Hermopolis (now in the Egyptian Museum in Turin) all refer to a queen of Zuessel, Hertfurnebuti.
Inet Caiss is the only daughter of Zuessel and Hetfurnebuti known today. In addition, a royal woman was mentioned during Zuessel's reign, but her name was no longer recognizable. At present, it is not known what kind of relationship Zuessel had with his successor, Sekhandhett; The date of his death has not yet been determined.

This is the earliest pyramid in the world - the Sakara Pyramid, which was built in 2700 BC. The Sakara area is the tomb of King Zuesser in the era of Egyptian pharaohs nearly 5000 years ago, that is, the Third Dynasty of ancient Egypt.
Djoser
Djoser
The most famous monument left by Zuessel is the Zuessel Pyramid. This pyramid is made up of several mastaba structures of different sizes. The building structure eventually evolved into a standard pyramid in the late Old Kingdom. Several centuries later, Manito recorded the development of architecture in this period, which mentioned that "Tasorthros" at that time discovered the method of using rubble to build buildings. Manito believed that it was Asclepios in Greek mythology; He also believes that it improved the writing system of Egypt during this period. Modern scholars believe that Manieto was originally intended to praise Imuthes, who was later mythologized as Asclepios by Greeks and Romans, and this person corresponds to Imhotep in history, a famous minister during Zuessel's reign, who designed the architectural structure of Zuessel pyramid. In the sporadic documents unearthed in Helipolis and Gebelein, Zuessel's name is mentioned and he is said to have built buildings in these two places. During his reign, he may have stabilized the southern boundary of the kingdom at the First Waterfall. A document called "Famine Stone Tablet", which claims to be from the Zuessel period, but may be made in the Ptolemaic period, records that Zuessel rebuilt the Kunum Temple on the elephant island of the first waterfall, thus ending the seven year famine in Egypt. Some people believe that this stone tablet was fabricated according to a legend of its production period. However, despite the fact that the stone tablet was displayed more than 2000 years after his death, Egyptians still retain the memory of Zuessel.
Although Zuessel seemed to have built an unfinished tomb in Abaddos, Upper Egypt, he was finally buried in the famous Zuessel Pyramid in Sakara, Lower Egypt. As Kasekeemwe of the Second Dynasty was the last pharaoh buried in Abaddos, some Egyptologists speculated that a new capital had been built in northern Egypt during the Zuessel rule.

According to legend, before the Third Dynasty of ancient Egypt, after the death of princes, ministers and ordinary people, they were buried in a rectangular tomb made of mud bricks, which was called "Mastaba" by ancient Egyptians. In ancient Egypt, it was called Piremus, which has a high meaning. Later, a smart young man named Imhotep invented a new architectural method when he was designing the tomb for the Egyptian pharaoh King Zuosai.
He replaced mud bricks with square stones cut from the mountains, and constantly revised the design of the mausoleum, eventually building a six tiered trapezoidal pyramid - this is the prototype of the pyramid we see now.
This oldest stone building in the world is about 60 meters high, and the pyramid is in the shape of a six story ladder tower, so people also call it the "ladder pyramid". The sacrificial buildings built by King Zuesser for himself are surrounded by a city wall, which is composed of altars, colonnades, Saite Temple and other buildings. The "ladder pyramid" is located in the center.
Djoser
Djoser
The stepped pyramid is the embryonic form of the pyramid. Later kings built tombs for themselves according to its shape and construction method. It is the predecessor of all pyramids in Egypt.
The stepped pyramid was designed by Imhotep, the prime minister of King Zuesser, who was called the "God of Wisdom", thus opening the era of pyramid building in ancient Egypt. In addition to building a tall "Heaven Ladder" on the ground for the King's Tomb, he also designed its interior as a labyrinth. Later pyramids were built on this basis and experienced a process of practice, failure and re practice.
It is worth emphasizing that Sakara's Ladder Pyramid is the oldest man-made building on the earth. Although it is very shabby now, it cannot be erased. The establishment of the pyramids created a generation of historical miracles, which did not end until the time when history moved towards the New Kingdom. The pharaohs found that their bodies were placed in another more hidden place now called the "Valley of the Kings".
There is also the Saite Temple in front of the pyramid. Its colonnade and the stone bricks used on the walls are precisely polished. There is no adhesive between the bricks, but the air between the two bricks is evacuated, and the vacuum principle is used to make them stick together closely.
In ancient Egyptian, pyramids are trapezoidal and layered, so they are also called hierarchical pyramids. This is a tall pyramid building with a square base and triangles on each side. It looks like the Chinese character "Jin", so we call it "Pyramid". The tower tomb designed by Imhotep is the first stone tomb in Egyptian history. The Zossel Pyramid in Sakara is a typical representative of this kind of pyramid. Built in 2750 BC, it is the first huge building completely made of stone in Egyptian history.

The designer of the Zuessel trapezoidal pyramid is called Imhotep. It is said that he came from a civilian family. He was respected by the pharaoh because of his amazing wisdom and profound knowledge, and was exceptionally entrusted with a heavy task until he became the prime minister. He built a new tomb for the pharaoh Josel, who put himself in an important position. This six step pyramid, 61.2m high, 143m long from east to west at the bottom and 125m long from north to south, has been designed and expanded for six times. It was originally designed as a typical "Mastaba" tomb.
The ground part of the tomb is a square building with a length of about 60 meters and a height of nearly 8 meters The middle part is filled with gravel and soil, and the surface is made of smooth limestone. The tomb was built in this way. First, a dry well 28 meters deep was dug on the rock, and steps were cut to the bottom of the well. Each side of the well is 7 meters long. Two rooms were built as Zuesser's funeral room. There are doors between the two rooms, which are painted with the king's name and title in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs.
The funeral room itself has no external access, and can only use a round hole in the ceiling as an exit to connect the upper room The entrance of the cave is blocked with a stone weighing about 3 tons. It leads to the outside of the tomb through a 20 meter long corridor. There are four corridors around the funeral room, where various funeral objects are stacked. After the completion of the underground tomb, the first "Mastaba" (11.48 meters high) will be built on the ground, and then the second (10.95 meters high), third (10.43 meters high), fourth (9.92 meters high), fifth (9.39 meters high), and sixth (8.89 meters high) will be built.
The "Mastaba" is smaller as it goes up. In this way, the tomb looks like a six tiered ladder with a total height of 61.06 meters, so it is called the "trapezoidal pyramid". As the ancestor of the pyramid It not only created an architectural miracle of nearly 60 meters high for the first time, but also successfully built a group of buildings with complete axisymmetric layout. The construction of this tomb is an innovation and revolution in the history of Egyptian architecture. For the first time, it replaced bricks with stones as building materials, becoming the first large-scale stone building in the world.