Vikings (ancient Norwegian: V í kingar), also known as Vikings, invaded the coasts of Europe and British islands from the 8th century to the 11th century, covering a wide territory from the European continent to the Arctic. This period in Europe is called the "Viking Age".
In Old English, "vikinger" is a man in the Bay, and "wicing" stands for pirates; "Vikingar" also means "sea adventure" in the local language of Iceland. The Vikings came from Norway, Denmark and Sweden. At first they just robbed monasteries along the coast of Western Europe, and then they gradually carried out organized invasions into other European countries. Vikings can be seen everywhere from Ireland to Britain, from France to Eastern Europe. In addition to fighting, Vikings are also excellent navigators. They gradually found Iceland and Greenland to the West, And finally to North America. Eastward, they once reached the Caspian Sea.

The earliest Viking pirates recorded in historical records were an attack on Britain in 789 in the Anglo Saxon chronicle. [1] at that time, they were mistaken for businessmen by local officials. These pirates killed officials who wanted to tax them. The second record was in 793. In the next 200 years, Viking constantly invaded various coastal countries in Europe, plundered upstream and inland along the river, and once controlled the coasts of Russia and the Baltic Sea. It is said that they were as far as the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea and the Caspian Sea. One of them crossed the Baltic Sea and expedited Russia to Kiev and Bogar. Some fleets sailed as far as the Caspian Sea to Baghdad to do business with Arabs. The more famous Vikings advanced to the southwest, causing an uproar in the heart of Europe. They plundered the British Isles and invaded the European continent. The word Vikings has strong derogatory meanings such as plunder and killing. Vikings have had a far-reaching impact on the history of Europe, especially the historical process of England and France.
Adam of Bremen, a German historian in the 11th century, recorded in the fourth volume of his book the history of the Archbishop of Hamburg: "Pirates gathered a lot of gold on the island of Ceylon. These pirates were called Vikings by themselves. We call them askomani, and they paid tribute to the king of Denmark".
In the 13th century, King Harold I of England was determined to clear these pirates from Scotland and nearby islands, and some Vikings fled to Iceland. Nordic legends portrayed them as fearless heroes, but in 18th century legends they portrayed them as robbers. Europeans think Scandinavian farmers are amateur pirates, but Scandinavians think they may be just illegal robbers. Another view is that the Pirates of the Slavs fled and settled in northern Europe.
The Vikings spread from their hometown in Scandinavia, They will take the dragon boat They crossed the sea and made a sudden attack. They would make a surprise attack and then plunder. They would retreat before any huge Anti Japanese forces could attack, but their actions gradually became more bold. Later, they even occupied and settled in important areas of Europe For pagans, they will not hesitate to kill priests and plunder church property. Most people are afraid of their ruthlessness and cruelty. They are like demons from hell. At that time, they were excellent craftsmen, sailors, explorers and businessmen.
Viking's hometown is Norway, Sweden and Denmark. They and their descendants once controlled most of the Baltic coast, the interior of Russia, Normandy of France, Britain, Sicily, southern Italy and parts of Palestine. They discovered Iceland in 825 (where Irish monks had long been) and settled in 875. In 985, they colonized Greenland. There is strong evidence that they reached Newfoundland and explored part of North America 500 years before Columbus discovered the new world.

Early invasion
The Vikings first attacked the West in the late eighth century. The Danes attacked and plundered the famous island monastery in lindesfen on the northeast coast of England. This attack and plunder began to become a trend. As the scale and number of raids on Britain, France and Germania increased, it gradually became an invasion.
Since 780 ad, Vikings have been going out more and more. They need more trade markets and more plundering sites. They mainly steal livestock and grain, and do not let go of any valuable treasure. They attacked quickly and left equally quickly after success. The nearby residents suffered deeply and regarded the Vikings as barbarians and cold-blooded soldiers.
Invasion of Eastern Europe and the establishment of the Principality of Ross
In the sixth and seventh centuries, the Vikings began to make raids along the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea and then resettle. By the end of the eighth century, they fled the river from contemporary Russia, launched a long-term invasion, and set up fortresses along the way for defense. They ruled Kiev in the ninth century and attacked Constantinople with 2000 warships and 80000 troops in 907. However, they were successfully bought by the Byzantine emperor on the most favorable terms of trade.
Kiev Russ, an early feudal state with Kiev as its capital, was established on the Eastern European Plain by Viking Oleg from the middle of the 9th century to the 1930s. It is also known as ancient Ross and Ross. [3] the locals call the newly arrived Vikings "Ross", which means "a person skilled in navigation" This is the earliest Russian country. At that time, it was just a small landlocked country in Eastern Europe from Kiev in the south, Lake Ladoga in the north, Pskov in the West and Murom in the East.
Invasion of Britain
In 789, a group of Viking pirates ransacked Dorset County, and England has been harassed ever since. Locals have fought bravely with robbers, but more often they pay ransom, called Danegeld (Contemporary Danish taxes are not tax, but Danegeld), to let the disaster star leave quickly. But money can not always solve the problem. There are several pirates. The king leaves and another leader comes on the stage. Viking pirates are very rampant in areas with weak defense.
When Alfred the great was in power in Wessex, he reached an agreement with the main Viking tribes to allow them to settle in an area in northeast England called Danelaw (Contemporary Danish law called Danelaw). Even so, the fragile peace was broken from time to time because each side wanted more land.
In 865, a large number of Danish troops invaded Britain and controlled most of Britain for two centuries. Before 1066, Knut was one of the last kings in Britain. He ruled Denmark and Norway at the same time. In 871, another huge fleet attacked Paris upstream from the Seine River. They besieged the city for two years. Finally, they were bribed by huge cash reward and allowed to plunder the western region of France without resistance.
The large number of Pirates means that the looting will never stop. Even after ganet, the king of Norway and Denmark conquered England, his territory is often harassed by Swedish pirates. Because of fear, the powerful monarch had to pay a ransom.
Invasion of France and the Principality of Normandy
In 911, the king of France made the Viking leaders of Normandy Duke in exchange for their conversion to Christianity and stopping the invasion. They also established colonies as a base for continued raids. In the Viking colony in northwest France, commonly known as Normandy (from the name of the Nordic), the people living there are called Normans. Charles, the "simple minded" king of France, first paid the ransom honestly, and then, following the British practice, awarded Rollo, the largest pirate leader, as the Archduke of Normandy. His brother was the great great grandfather of William I the conqueror, and his descendants became king of England at the end of 1066.
Since the establishment of the Principality of Normandy, there have been outstanding soldiers, including William I, who conquered England in 1066, Robert kiskat and his family, who captured Sicily from the Arabs between 1060 and 1091, and botwin I, king of the kingdom of Jerusalem established by crusaders.
In 1066, William I the conqueror set foot in England with Norman soldiers, so the local people spent a relatively quiet year under the whips of foreigners.
Invasion of Scotland and Ireland
Scotland is very close to northern Europe. In 795, the Orkney Islands were occupied by the Vikings. Scotland is the world of the Norwegians. Ireland is much more complicated. Norwegians, Danes and Irish pirates are not easy to get along with, so large-scale armed fights often break out. It was not until 902 that Norwegians left Ireland for the time being because they made a comeback in 917. Dublin was not taken over by the Normans until 1100, but it is well known that the Normans are the descendants of the Vikings in France.
Invade the Mediterranean coast
The North Sea is certainly devastated. Vikings cross Gibraltar and continue to wreak havoc along the Mediterranean coast. They rob monasteries, because monasteries always have a large amount of stored food and treasure. Viking pirates have become a nightmare for merchant ships and coastal areas in Europe. Only the rich classes in Spain and France have been spared by paying ransom and the country's strong military equipment.
Discover Iceland
The Norwegians left home and sailed west in search of a new home. In 860 ad, they came to Iceland, and the monks who had originally lived here fled in panic. In 920 ad, they came to Greenland and began to settle down, but the climate there was colder and colder year by year, so they couldn't grow crops. Finally, in 1500, all the Vikings left the frozen island.
Mount America
Later generations have been looking for evidence that Nordic people have been to the American continent. It is said that a Nordic stone carving unearthed in the United States in 1898 was later proved to be a fake in 1958. Viking nautical charts found in 1965, with detailed outlines of the American coast, were later proved to be forged. It was not until 1969 that a stone arrow was finally found in a pirate tomb in Denmark. After testing, it was confirmed that it was the product of America. The pirates had indeed been to North America.
It is often believed that Columbus was the first person in the old world to discover the new world. Viking Lev Eriksson discovered the existence of the new world more than 500 years before Columbus landed in America. It is said that after arriving in Greenland, they traveled westward to contemporary Canada. They found many useful materials there, including wood, grapes, fur and so on. However, they stayed in the American continent for about ten years and left this rich continent. The reason is because of the Indians. After living in the American continent for a short time, they met the Indians. The aggressive Vikings had a bloody conflict with them, which led to their revenge, and the nation that arrived in the American continent earlier than the Vikings finally succeeded in driving the Vikings out of this fertile land. It was other Europeans who invaded the American continent again, more than 500 years later, with guns, swords and farming techniques from the old world.