Queen Victoria (May 24, 1819 – January 22, 1901) was the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (reigned June 20, 1837 – January 22, 1901) and the Queen of India (reigned 1876-1901). She ascended to the throne on June 20, 1837, was crowned on June 28, 1838 at Westminster Abbey, and was crowned Queen of India on May 1, 1876. Victoria is the second longest reigning monarch in British history, second only to Queen Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor. Victoria's reign lasted for 64 years. She was also the first British queen to be referred to as the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Queen of India.
Victoria is the granddaughter of George III and the only daughter of Prince Edward and Princess Victoria, the sister of King Leopold I of Belgium. Victoria grew up in her mother's German environment from a young age. Her father passed away at a young age and received education under the supervision of her uncle Leopold I, who had long been influenced by liberal ideas. After the death of his uncle William IV, Victoria ascended to the throne as king. During her reign (June 20, 1837 – January 22, 1901), it was the strongest period of the British Empire known as the "Victorian Age" in British history. At this time, Britain increased its colonial expansion and established and occupied many colonies within a certain range. Her decades in power coincided with the transition of free capitalism in Britain from its infancy to its pinnacle, and then to monopolistic capitalism. With leading industrial and commercial economies, technological progress, and strong national power, the constitutional monarchy was fully developed, making Queen Victoria a symbol of peace and prosperity in Britain. On January 22, 1901, Queen Victoria passed away on the Isle of Wight in England at the age of 82.

be born
Victoria's father Kent and Duke Edward of Strathcon were the fourth sons of King George III of England. It was not until 1817 that Prince Edward's niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandson of George III. In 1817, the death of Princess Charlotte triggered a crisis of succession to the English throne, which also put pressure on Prince Edward and his unmarried brothers to get married and have children. In 1818, Edward married Princess Victoria of Saxony Coburg Salfeld. Princess Victoria is a widowed German princess who has a son and a daughter with her first husband, the second Prince of Lenningen, Emich Karl. Victoria's uncle Leopold I was also the husband of the deceased Princess Charlotte.
At 4:15 am on May 24, 1819, Victoria, the only child of the Duke and Duchess of Kent and Strathcon, was born in Kensington Palace in London. On June 24, 1819, Victoria was baptized by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners Sutton, in the Kensington Palace. She was named "Alexandrina Victoria". "Alexandrina" is to commemorate one of her godfathers, Russian Emperor Alexander I, and "Victoria" is to commemorate her mother. Her parents also suggested adding other names - Georgiana (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta. But these names were all rejected by the Duke's brother, Prince Regent George (later King George IV of England).
Victoria was born as the fifth in line heir to the throne, following Prince George the Regent (later King George IV of England), Prince Frederick the Duke of York and Albany, Prince William the Duke of Clarence (later King William IV of England), and his father, Prince Edward the Duke of Kent and Strathcon. Regent George has no surviving descendants, and the Duke of York and Albany have no children. Moreover, they are very distant from their wives who are past reproductive age, so they cannot have any more offspring. Duke Clarence and Victoria's father both got married on the same day in 1818, but Duke Clarence's two daughters died young.

In January 1820, Victoria's father passed away, and at that time Victoria was less than one year old. And a week later, her grandfather George III passed away, and George IV inherited the throne as his eldest son. In 1827, the Duke of York and Albany passed away. Therefore, after the death of George IV in 1830, William IV inherited the throne and Victoria became the presumed heir to the throne. The Regency Act of 1830 made special provisions for this, stating that if Victoria was still a minor after the death of William IV, she would be regent by the Duchess of Kent and Strathcon. But William IV did not trust the Duchess's regency ability. In 1836, the king announced in front of the Duchess that in order to avoid being regent by her, he wanted to live until Victoria's 18th birthday.
Lost childhood
Victoria later described her childhood as "melancholic". Her mother had an extreme desire for protection, and Victoria was raised in isolation under the so-called Kensington system. The Kensington system was a detailed set of rules and etiquette designed by the Duchess and her ambitious and stubborn auditor, John Conroy. This system prevented Victoria from meeting with people her mother and Conroy deemed unwelcome, including the vast majority of her patrilineal relatives, and hoped that Victoria would become weaker and more dependent on them under this system. Due to the Duchess's aversion to the existence of William IV's illegitimate son, she moved away from the court. Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private teachers according to a fixed schedule, and spent time playing games with her doll and the King Charles hound Dash. Her courses include French, German, Italian, and Latin, but she only speaks English at home.

In 1830, the Duchess and Conroy took Victoria through the center of England to visit the Morven Hills, stopping at town and country villas along the way. Similar travels were also conducted in other parts of England and Wales in 1832, 1833, 1834, and 1835. To the annoyance of the king, Victoria received a warm welcome at every stop. William compared these trips to royal tours and was concerned that the people would portray Victoria as his opponent rather than his heir. Victoria doesn't like these trips, the continuous public appearances make her feel physically and mentally exhausted, and she has almost no time to rest. In October 1835, Victoria in Ramsgate began to have a high fever, but Conroy initially believed it was just a lie from her child. When Victoria fell ill, Conroy and the Duchess began to entangle Victoria in appointing him as her private secretary, but this was not successful. At the beginning of Queen Victoria's accession, Conroy and the Duchess were also entangled in the Queen's appointment of Conroy as her private secretary. In the end, the Queen chose William Lamb, the Prime Minister of the Whig Party, as her private secretary.

Meritorious service in office
Queen Victoria is the daughter of Duke Edward of Kent. She ascended the throne on June 20, 1837, at the age of eighteen. In the early years of her reign, she actively participated in politics and cooperated well with the Prime Minister, Viscount William Lamb of Melbourne (1779-1848). She leaned towards Whigs and was at odds with Tories.
After 1846, the Queen and her husband Prince Albert firmly opposed the foreign policy of Foreign Secretary Palmerston, forcing him to resign. In the later period of his reign, he turned to the Conservative Party and became close friends with Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, actively supporting his colonial aggression policy.
Victoria was crowned as the Queen of India in 1876. After the death of Prime Minister Disraeli in 1881, he began to trust Salisbury. In 1887 and 1897, Britain held grand ceremonies to celebrate the 50th and 60th anniversary of the Queen's accession to the throne, and took advantage of the gathering of representatives from various parts of the empire in London to hold colonial conferences, using the Queen's reputation to consolidate the rule and internal unity of the British Empire. During Victoria's reign, Britain became the world's leading country.

marital status
On June 20, 1837, King William IV of England and Hanover passed away, and Victoria, who was only 18 years old, succeeded to the throne. At the same time, she relinquished the Hanover throne to her other uncle, and from then on, Hanover no longer belonged to England.
In 1839, the Queen's marriage was put on the agenda. Victoria met her younger cousin Saxony Coburg and Prince Albert of Gotha, who were three months younger than her. They got married on February 10, 1840. After marriage, the Queen and her wife had a total of nine children, but as Victoria herself was a carrier of hemophilia, the Queen passed on this disease to her three children. The youngest son, Prince Leopold, was a hemophilia patient. Although the five princesses were all healthy and beautiful, the second daughter, Princess Alice, and the youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, were carriers of the hemophilia gene. The result of their marriage with the European royal family was the spread of this terrible disease, leading to terrible consequences - many members of the royal family passed away one after another.
When Victoria ascended the throne on June 20, 1837, she was still a young girl. After marriage, she was deeply in love with her husband, Prince Albert of Saxony Coburg and Gotha. She relied on him and adopted his advice. She was devastated by her husband's death in 1861. It is widely believed that she will always miss him for the next 40 years.
Death
In December 1900, Queen Victoria was in poor health but still insisted on going to Isle of Wight, which was the place where she fell in love with her deceased husband Albert and where she passed away. Many years ago, on this island, they were surrounded by their lovely young children. The queen wrote her will and the details of her funeral in this quiet place, and instructed her to wear a white dress after her death.

On January 22, 1901, a historical era came to an end when Queen Victoria passed away on the Isle of Wight in England at the age of 82. On her deathbed, she was guarded by her son, who was also her heir, the Prince of Wales. At that time, he had decided to inherit the throne under the name of Edward VII. In front of the queen's bed, there are other descendants including her grandson, Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany.
Queen Victoria's rule lasted for over half a century, constantly expanding new territories overseas, forming the "sun never sets" British Empire, and making Queen Victoria the Empress of India. Under her rule, the stability and dignity of the country made the monarchy popular. Most of the world's subjects were born in Britain under the reign of Queen Victoria.