Qin Shi Huang Ying Zheng (259-210 BC) [1], surnamed Ying, surnamed Zhao [2], named Zheng (sometimes known as "Zheng"), also known as Zhao Zheng and Zulong [3-4], also known as Lv Zheng (see "Character Dispute - Name Dispute" directory). [129] The son of King Zhuangxiang of Qin and Zhao Ji. [5] An outstanding politician, strategist, and reformer in ancient China, he was the first political figure to achieve the unification of China, and also the first monarch in China to be called an emperor.
Ying Zheng was born in Handan, the capital of the state of Zhao, and later returned to the state of Qin. At the age of thirteen, he inherited the throne. [6] In 238 BC, the rebellion of the Marquis of Changxin was quelled, and after that, the powerful minister Lv Buwei was eliminated and he began to monopolize the government. [7] Reusing Li Si, Wang Jian, and others, from 230 BC to 221 BC, they successively conquered the six states of Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, and Qi, completing the great cause of unifying China and establishing a centralized and unified multi-ethnic state - the Qin Dynasty.
In 221 BC, after the unification of the six states of Qin, King Ying Zheng of Qin believed that he was "virtuous and had three emperors, but had meritorious achievements over the five emperors". Therefore, he adopted the title of "emperor" consisting of the "emperor" of the three emperors and the "emperor" of the five emperors. [8] He was the first monarch in Chinese history to use the title of "emperor", so he called himself "the first emperor". At the same time, the central government implements three officials and nine ministers to manage national affairs; Abolish the enfeoffment system locally and replace it with the county system; At the same time, books share the same text, cars share the same track, and currencies and weights and measures are unified. Attack the Xiongnu to the north, conquer Baiyue to the south, and build the Great Wall of China; Lingqu was built to connect the Yangtze River and the Pearl River water systems. But in his later years, Qin Shi Huang pursued immortality and dreamed of immortality, tyrannizing the people, strangling their intelligence, and shaking the foundation of Qin Dynasty rule. In 210 BC, Emperor Qin Shi Huang passed away on his way to the east on a sand dune in Xingtai. [9]
Qin Shi Huang established the basic political system of China for over two thousand years [10], and was praised by the Ming Dynasty philosopher Li Zhi as the "eternal emperor" [11].

Zhao State Period
On the first month of the 48th year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin [5] (also known as the Dan day of that month by Song Zhong; [12] in addition, there is still controversy over the conversion of calendars [13-15]), Ying Zheng was born in the Guocheng of Handan in the state of Zhao at that time (in the area of Zhujiaxiang, southwest of Congtai, east of Zhongjie in the current city). The son of the grandson of King Yiren of Qin at that time (King Zhuangxiang of Qin). Yiren was the son of An Guojun, and neither mother nor son was favored by An Guojun. In addition, An Guojun had more than twenty sons, so Yiren was sent to Handan, Zhao as a proton. At that time, the relationship between Qin and Zhao deteriorated, with occasional wars and strangers receiving much cold treatment. He lacked transportation and daily necessities, resulting in a difficult and frustrating life. [16] Wei Dynasty merchant Lv Buwei was doing business in Handan and learned about the situation of the stranger. He believed that he was a "rare commodity" and used a large sum of money to meet Lady Huayang, the favored concubine of An Guojun. The stranger recognized her as his mother and renamed her Zi Chu. [17-18] Zhao Ji, the concubine of Lv Buwei whom Zi Chu met, was fortunate enough to give birth to Ying Zheng. [5]
In the fiftieth year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin (257 BC), the state of Qin sent his troops to besiege Zhao Handan. The situation was extremely urgent, and Zhao wanted to kill Zichu. Zichu and Lv Buwei conspired to give 600 kilograms of gold to the city guards, which allowed them to escape and escape to the Qin army camp, enabling them to return home smoothly. The state of Zhao also wanted to kill the wife and son of Chu, Zhao Zheng, because Zhao Ji was the daughter of a wealthy family in the state of Zhao, which allowed her to hide. As a result, the mother and son survived. [19] In the 56th year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin (251 BC), King Zhaoxiang passed away, and the Crown Prince An Guojun succeeded him as King Xiaowen of Qin, with Lady Huayang as the queen. Mrs. Huayang took the opportunity to persuade the King of Qin to appoint him as the Crown Prince. King Qin Xiaowen appointed his son Chu as the Crown Prince. At this time, Zhao Guo also returned to Qin with his son Zhao Ji, the wife of Chu, and his son Zhao Zheng. At this time, Zhao Zheng was able to return to the state of Qin. [20]
An Guojun succeeded the throne of Qin and remained filial for a year. After only three days of coronation, he suddenly fell ill and passed away. His son Chu succeeded to the throne and became King Zhuangxiang of Qin. King Zhuang Xiang honored Lady Huayang as the Empress Dowager, and his biological mother Xia Ji was honored as the Empress Dowager of Xia. In the first year of King Zhuangxiang of Qin (249 BC), Lv Buwei was appointed as the Prime Minister and conferred the title of Marquis Wen Xin.

Succession to power
In May of the third year of King Zhuangxiang of Qin (247 BC), King Zhuangxiang passed away at the age of 35. At the age of 13, Ying Zheng was appointed as the King of Qin. [6] When Ying Zheng ascended the throne, due to his youth, he honored Lv Buwei as the father of Zhong, and all state affairs were controlled by Lv Buwei. In the eighth year of the First Emperor (239 BC), at the age of 21, King Qin was about to take power, but at this time, a fierce political struggle arose in the Qin court.
At that time, Lv Buwei not only controlled the court but also had an affair with Empress Dowager Zhao Ji. [23] Later, seeing that Qin Wangzheng was getting older, he was afraid of being discovered by him and wanted to leave the Empress Dowager. He was also afraid that the Empress Dowager would resent him, so he falsely executed his disciple, Yan Lei, by removing his beard and eyebrows, and offered them to the Empress Dowager for sexual pleasure. [24]
The reign of the King of Qin gradually grew, and the Empress Dowager was also pregnant with a child born in the womb. Afraid of being discovered, she used the excuse that the feng shui in her dormitory was not good and decided to move elsewhere. [25] With the permission of King Qin's government, they moved to the palace in Yong County, and as a result, the Empress Dowager gave birth to two illegitimate children. [26] And Yan Ai also claimed to be a fake father of King Qin's government. After getting drunk, Yan Ai scolded a minister, saying, "I am the fake father of King Qin. How dare you provoke me!" The minister was very angry after hearing this and secretly found an opportunity to tell Qin Wang Zheng about the relationship between Yan Ai and the Empress Dowager. Qin Wang Zheng was very angry and became panicked, Prepare for rebellion. [27] At that time, with the help of the Empress Dowager, Lai was granted the title of Marquis of Changxin and possessed areas such as Shanyang and Taiyuan, receiving his own followers. 嫪 Ai has been operating in Yongcheng for a long time and has established a huge power. [28-29] It is a powerful political force in the Qin state, second only to Lv Buwei.
In the eighth year of the First Emperor (239 BC), the younger brother of the king, Prince Chang'an, led a large army to attack the state of Zhao and rebelled in the middle. After the Qin army captured Tunliu, all his subordinates were beheaded and executed for sitting together, and the people of Tunliu were exiled to Lintao. [30]
In the ninth year of the First Emperor's reign (238 BC), Qin Wangzheng held a coronation ceremony at the Qinian Palace in Yongcheng. [31] Zai used the imperial seal of the King of Qin and the imperial seal of the Empress Dowager to launch a rebellion and attack the Qinian Palace. Qin Wangzheng had already deployed three thousand elite soldiers in the Qinian Palace to defeat the rebels. 嫪嫪 Ya transferred to attack Xianyang Palace, where there had already been an army. 嫪嫪 Ya fled alone and was soon arrested. [7] The Qin King's political general, Yan Ya, cracked his chariot and exposed his body to the public; [33] He also imprisoned his mother Zhao Ji in the Yongcheng Palace; The two illegitimate children born to the Empress Dowager were killed by falling.
In the tenth year of the First Emperor (237 BC), the Qin government dismissed Lv Buwei from his position as a prime minister and exiled him to Bashu. Lv Buwei knew that his relationship with Qin Wangzheng was irreparable, so he committed suicide by drinking poisoned wine. Afterwards, although the Qin Wang Zheng followed the advice of the nobles of the Qin state and issued a "expulsion order" to expel diners from the six countries, he was discouraged by Li Si's "Letter of Admonishment and Removal of Guests" and later appointed Wei Liao, Li Si, and others.

Annexation of six countries
Main entry: Qin's Battle of the Six Kingdoms, Qin's Battle of the Xiongnu, Qin's Battle of Baiyue
When Qin Wang Zheng succeeded to the throne, the Qin state had already annexed Ba, Shu, and Hanzhong, crossed Wancheng to Yingdu in the southwest, and established Nanjun; To the east of Shangjun in the north, there are Hedong, Taiyuan, and Shangdangjun; Reaching Xingyang in the east. And swallowed it for two weeks, setting up Sanchuan County in its hometown. After King Qin came to power, he appointed Wei Liao, Li Si, and others to actively promote a unified strategy. In the eleventh year of Emperor Shi (236 BC), a war broke out between Zhao and Yan. Zhao sent troops to attack Yan, while Qin sent Wang Jian and other generals to attack Zhao under the pretext of saving Yan. They successively captured the cities of Zhao Dihe, Nanyang (northwest of Nanyang), Hejian (southeast of Xian County, Hebei Province), Anyang (southeast of Yangyuan County, Hebei Province), and the Zhangshui River Basin was already occupied by Qin. In the thirteenth year of the First Emperor (234 BC), the State of Qin launched a large-scale attack on the State of Zhao, establishing Yanmen County and Yunzhong County with the Zhao land taken.
In the 16th year of Emperor Shi (231 BC), the State of Wei was forced to donate some of its land to Qin, and South Korea was also forced to donate the land of Nanyang to Qin. Shi Teng, a member of the Qin faction, was appointed as the fake guard of Nanyang. In the seventeenth year of Emperor Shi (230 BC), Qin sent Shi Teng to attack Korea and captured King An of Korea. Yingchuan County was established in Korea, and Korea was destroyed. [39]
In the 18th year of Emperor Shi (229 BC), General Wang Jian of Qin led his soldiers directly to Jingxing (west of Jingxing County, Hebei Province), while General Yang Duanhe led Hanoi troops to besiege the capital of Zhao, Handan. Zhao sent Li Mu and Sima Shang to lead a large army to resist. Guo Kai, a favorite of King Zhao, was bribed by the Qin state and spread rumors that Li Mu and Sima Shang conspired against each other. King Zhao therefore replaced Li Mu and Sima Shang with Zhao Cong and Yan Ju, and killed Li Mu. In the 19th year of the First Emperor (228 BC), the Zhao army was defeated, and Wang Jian and the Qiang region settled the territory of Zhao and captured the King of Zhao. Qin Wangzheng personally went to Handan and killed his enemies who lived in Handan when he was young, and then returned from Taiyuan and Shangjun. Zhao Gongzijia led hundreds of his clan members to flee to Zhao's Dai County and proclaimed himself as the Dai Wang. Qin established Handan County in the area of Handan, the capital of Zhao.
In the 20th year of the First Emperor (227 BC), the political faction of the King of Qin, Wang Jian and Xin Sheng, attacked the state of Yan. Yan and Dai sent troops to resist, but were defeated by the Qin army west of Yishui. The following year, the Qin army captured the Yandu Jicheng. The King of Yan moved his capital to Liaodong. [44] Qin General Li Xin led troops to pursue and attack. The King of Yan was pleased to follow the strategy of Dai Wangjia, kill the Crown Prince Dan, and dedicate the head of the Crown Prince Dan to Qin Qiuhe.

In the 21st year of Emperor Shi (226 BC), a rebellion occurred in the capital of South Korea. Qin sent troops to quell the rebellion and took the opportunity to execute King An of Korea.
In the 22nd year of Emperor Shi (225 BC), King Qin sent General Wang Ben to attack Wei, besieging the capital of Wei, Daliang (Kaifeng City), and diverting the Yellow River to irrigate the city. After three months, the city of Daliang was destroyed, and the Wei King surrendered, resulting in the downfall of the Wei state. Qin Wangzheng established Dangjun in the eastern region of Wei. In the same year, the Qin government sent Li Xin and Meng Tian to lead a 200000 strong army to attack Chu. Li Xin attacked Pingyu (north of Pingyu County) in Chu, while Meng Tian attacked Chu's dormitory (Linquan County, Anhui), achieving preliminary victory. The two armies of Qin and Chu met in Chengfu Yi (now Chengfu Ji, southeast of Bozhou, Anhui Province). The Chu army took advantage of the Qin army's unpreparedness and launched a counterattack, greatly defeating the Qin army. [139] The political faction of the Later Qin Dynasty sent Wang Jian and Meng Wu to lead a large army of 600000 to break through the Chu army in Qi (now southeast of Suzhou, Anhui), forcing the Chu general Xiang Yan to commit suicide. [46-47] Then the Qin army invaded Shouchun, the capital of Chu, and captured the King of Chu, Yin Chu. Qin Yu Chu established Jiujiang County (Shouxian County, Anhui) and Changsha County (Changsha City, Hunan).
In the 25th year of Emperor Shi (222 BC), Wang Jian pacified the Jiangnan region of Chu, surrendered to the ruler of Yue, and established Kuaiji County, resulting in the downfall of Chu. At the same time as destroying Chu, the Qin Dynasty's government continuously expanded eastward, gradually establishing counties and capturing the land of Lu, establishing Xue County (Qufu, Shandong). In the same year, King Qin sent Wang Ben to attack Liaodong in Yan, capturing the pleasure of King Yan and destroying the state of Yan. Then he returned to attack Dai and captured Wang Jia, establishing Dai County (southwest of Wei County, Hebei) and Liaodong County (old urban area of Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province). [49]
In the 26th year of Emperor Shi (221 BC), General Wang Ben of Qin launched an attack on Qi from the south of Yan, captured King Jian of Qi, and destroyed the state of Qi. He established Qi County (northeast of Zibo City, Shandong) and Langye County (southwest of Xiahe City, Jiaonan County, Shandong) in the old land of Qi. [50]
From the 17th year of the First Emperor (230 BC) to the time of the downfall of Qi, Qin gradually annexed six countries over a period of 10 years. Subsequently, in the 28th year of the First Emperor (219 BC), it began to pacify Baiyue in the south. From then on, the Qin government completed the great cause of unification and entered the era of empire.

Create an imperial system
In the 26th year of Qin Wangzheng (221 BC), after the Qin Wangzheng destroyed the Six Kingdoms, he believed that he "had the virtue of concurrently serving as the Three Emperors and meritorious achievements over the Five Emperors". Therefore, he adopted the title of "Emperor" consisting of the "Emperor" of the Three Emperors and the "Emperor" of the Five Emperors. [8] He was the first monarch in Chinese history to use the title of "Emperor", so he called himself "First Emperor". At the same time, three officials and nine ministers were implemented in the central government to manage the country, which was called the emperor. He also continued to implement Shang Yang's legalist policies since the Xiaogong Reform, strengthening monarchy, weakening the power of the old aristocracy, and promoting the nobility who rose from military achievements. In addition, he also believed in the "Five Virtues Ending" theory proposed by the Yin Yang family, believing that Qin was a water virtue, Zhou was a fire virtue, and water could conquer fire. Therefore, Qin gained control of the world, so the beginning of the year was in October. [52]
After the abolition of the enfeoffment system, Qin Shihuang established a system of prefectures and counties and bureaucracy from the central to the local. Initially divided into 36 counties throughout the country, [51] with the expansion of land, it increased to 46 counties, and Xianyang (Qindu District, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province) was designated as the capital. The highest officials of the central government are the Prime Minister, the Imperial Historian, and the Grand Marshal, also known as the "Three Officials". The magistrate of the local county is the guardian, and the magistrate of the county is the commander. The prefecture and county system initially broke the patriarchal system of blood relationship, while the feudal system and bureaucracy replaced the hereditary system of the nobility.
In order to consolidate his political power, Emperor Qin Shi Huang also implemented a series of policies, mainly including: unified currency and weights and measures; Unified text; Build the Great Wall, highways, and straight roads; Forced migration of wealthy and civilians from the six countries. After the unification of the Six Kingdoms by Qin, in order to prevent the aristocrats of the Six Kingdoms from relying on their clans to "revive", they were forced to relocate to Xianyang, asking them to take care of the imperial mausoleum or migrate to remote areas in the southwest. Some civilians were also forced to migrate, known as "relocated prisoners", to do hard labor such as mining and salt wells. In the 32nd year of Emperor Shi (215 BC), General Meng Tian of Qin seized Henan Province, established 34 counties, and established Jiuyuan County (located in the northwest of Baotou City, Inner Mongolia).

Patrol to seek immortality
Main entry: Qin Shi Huang's Tour, Qin Shi Huang's East Tour, Xu Fu's East Crossing
The Confucian scholars and alchemists from Qi Yan have also made a facelift modification to the Confucian concept of "Fengzen", and it is widely rumored that since ancient times, emperors have held ceremonies for Fengzen. From the 27th year of the First Emperor (219 BC) to the 32nd year of the First Emperor (215 BC), Qin Shihuang continued to patrol the eastern coast, the Jianghuai River Basin, and the north. Wherever he went, he engraved stones praising his merits.
In the later period of his reign, Qin Shihuang was infatuated with the art of immortality and believed in fate. It is also said that there are three islands on the sea, Penglai, Abbot, and Yingzhou, where immortals reside. There is a "elixir of immortality" that can be taken to achieve immortality. Qin Shihuang wanted to become an immortal who lived forever. Some strange and stubborn individuals, such as Lu Sheng, Han Zhong, Xu Fu, and Hou Sheng, all defected to the Qin Dynasty.
Lu Sheng advised Emperor Qin Shihuang, saying, "We have been searching for Ganoderma lucidum, miraculous medicine, and immortals but have not been able to find them. There must be something that opposes them. We suggest that you travel secretly from time to time to drive out evil spirits. If evil spirits avoid them, immortals and immortals will come. If you let your courtiers know where you live, it will hinder communication with immortals. We hope that the palace where you live will not be known to others. In this way, the elixir of immortality may be obtained Emperor Qin Shi Huang declared to the public, "I admire immortals and immortals, so I will call myself 'Zhenren' and no longer 'I'." [53] He also ordered 270 palaces and temples within 200 miles of Xianyang to be connected to each other by overpasses and corridors, with curtains, bells and drums, and beauties placed inside, all of which cannot be moved according to their registered positions. If anyone talks about the place where the emperor went, he will be sentenced to death. [54]
Xu Fu and others went into the sea to search for the elixir, but spent a lot of time and money but couldn't find it. He was afraid of being punished, so he deceived Qin Shihuang and said, 'There are three divine mountains in the sea.'. But we are often troubled by large sharks, so we cannot reach them. I hope the emperor will send someone skilled in shooting together, and when encountering a big shark, he will shoot it with a continuous bow and crossbow Coincidentally, Emperor Qin Shi Huang dreamed of engaging in a battle with the sea god, whose shape was similar to that of a human. The dream teller said, "The water god was originally invisible. He used the big fish and dragon as a detective. Now that the emperor's sacrifices are thoughtful and respectful, this evil god has emerged. Only by removing it can we find the true good god." So Qin Shihuang ordered the people who entered the sea to carry tools for catching the big fish and personally bring a bow and crossbow to shoot and kill a big fish. Qin Shi Huang sent him to lead three thousand boys and girls into the sea on a building boat to seek immortality. However, he did not know where he would end up, either in a shipwreck or drifting to settle on a certain island. The latter was more likely, and according to folklore, he went to Japan.

Burning Books and Pitching Confucianism
Main entry: Burning Books to Pit Confucianism
In the 32nd year of Emperor Shi (215 BC), Qin Shi Huang instructed Yan people Lu Sheng to seek the traces of immortals such as Xianmen and Gao Shi. Later, he also instructed Han Tong, Hou Gong, and Shi Sheng to seek the elixir of immortality. Regarding Qin Shihuang's behavior, some Confucian scholars also expressed their admonition. Dr. Qi, Chunyu Yue, suggested that the first emperor still implement the policy of enfeoffment of the imperial family's children as vassals, and that the first emperor hand it over to his subordinates for discussion. Prime Minister Li Si opposes. Li Si's memorial prompted Emperor Qin Shi Huang to order the burning of books and prohibit them, stipulating that all historical books should be burned except during the Qin period; Those who are not doctoral officials and dare to have collections of "Poems", "Books", and "Treatises" from hundreds of schools in the world, are knowledgeable and capable of guarding and overseeing them; Those who dare to speak 'Poetry' or 'Book' will abandon the market; Those who use the past rather than the present are of the same race. Those who do not take action when officials see it are guilty of the same crime. I will not burn for thirty days, and tsing will be the city's official. A book of medicinal divination and tree planting, intended for preservation. If you are willing to learn laws and regulations, then take officials as your teachers.
The First Emperor felt deceived in his heart, so he ordered the Imperial Censor to inquire about the case and expose to each other more than 460 people involved. The First Emperor ordered that they all be buried alive in Xianyang. Some people believe that the "Records of the Grand Historian" recorded that the people killed by Emperor Qin Shi Huang were warlocks and not Confucian scholars. However, according to the "Records of the Grand Historian: The Annals of Emperor Qin Shi Huang", the people killed by Emperor Qin Shi Huang "all recited the teachings of Confucius".

Sick Sand Dune
Main term: The Change of Dunes
In the 37th year of Emperor Qin's reign (210 BC), Emperor Qin Shi Huang died at the Sand Dune Palace (now Guangzong County, Xingtai City, Hebei Province) during his fifth eastward tour. [9] After the death of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, Zhao Gao adopted the means of persuading Hu Hai to threaten Li Si. After a conspiracy in the Shaqiu Palace, the two of them fabricated an imperial edict issued by Emperor Qin Shi Huang, allowing Hu Hai to inherit the throne. They also accused Fu Su of being unfilial as a son and Meng Tian of being disloyal as a minister in the name of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, forcing them to commit suicide and not to disobey. After receiving the exact news of Fusu's suicide, Hu Hai, Zhao Gao, and Li Si ordered the convoy to travel day and night and quickly return to Xianyang.
In order to continue deceiving the subjects, the convoy dared not take a shortcut back to Xianyang, but instead assumed the posture of continuing to patrol and took a detour back to Xianyang. Due to the high temperature in the summer, the body of Emperor Qin Shi Huang has rotted and smelled. To cover up the people's ears and eyes, Hu Hai and his team ordered people to buy many "abalone" and put them on the car. The smell of "abalone" covered up the rotten smell of the body, confusing everyone. [60]
After returning to Xianyang, Hu Hai succeeded to the throne as Qin II. Zhao Gao served as the commander of the court, while Li Si remained the prime minister. However, the power of the court actually fell to Zhao Gao. After Zhao Gao's plot was successful, he began to use poison against the people around him. He set traps and gradually cornered Li Si. After Li Si discovered Zhao Gao's conspiracy, he wrote a letter to report Zhao Gao. Qin II Hu Hai not only favored Zhao Gao, but also punished Li Si and ultimately beheaded him in Xianyang. Zhao Gaosheng was appointed as the Prime Minister, and because he was able to enter and exit the palace, he was specially called the "Middle Prime Minister".

politics
First Emperor
The feudal lords of various countries before Qin Shi Huang were all referred to as "kings" or "kings". In the late Warring States period, Qin and Qi were once referred to as "emperors", but this title did not go hand in hand at that time. Emperor Qin Shihuang, who ruled the country, thought that these titles were not enough to show his respect, so he ordered the ministers to discuss the titles. After some discussion, Prime Minister Wang Wan, Imperial Historian Feng Jie, Ting Wei Li Si, and others believed that the Qin Dynasty's government "revitalized the righteous army, killed the remaining bandits, and pacified the world", and its achievements "have never been achieved since ancient times, surpassing those of the Five Emperors". They cited traditional honorific titles and said, 'In ancient times, there were emperors such as the emperor, the emperor of the earth, the emperor of Thailand, and the emperor of Thailand was the most expensive.' They suggested that the Qin government adopt the title of 'Emperor of Thailand'. However, Qin Shihuang was not satisfied with this. He only used the word "emperor", and added the word "emperor" under the word "Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors" to create the title of "emperor". [8] From then on, "Emperor" became the title of the highest ruler in Chinese feudal society. In order to consecrate the emperor's position, Emperor Qin Shi Huang took a series of measures to "respect the emperor":
First, cancel the posthumous method. The posthumous title originated in the early Zhou Dynasty and was given a title of evaluation based on the king's life and deeds after his death. But Emperor Qin Shihuang believed that 'sons discuss fathers, ministers discuss kings' like this was too shameful and meaningless. He announced the abolition of the posthumous title law and prohibited his descendants from evaluating him. [70]
Secondly, the emperor claims to be 'I'. The meaning of the word 'I' is the same as that of 'I'. Previously, it could also be used by ordinary people, but Emperor Qin Shi Huang limited only the emperor to call himself 'I'. The emperor's orders are called "zhi" or "zhao" (the order is called "zhi", the order is called "zhao", and the effect of the two is also different). [71]
Thirdly, the name of the emperor should not be mentioned in the text and should be avoided. When there are words such as "emperor" and "first emperor" on the document, a new line should be written in the top grid.
Finally, only the imperial seal carved from jade can be called a "seal".

Centralization
Emperor Qin Shi Huang established a centralized system of power and political institutions. The central government has appointed prime ministers, eunuchs, and imperial officials. The Prime Minister has two members, one on the left and the other on the right, who are the top officials in charge of political affairs. The captain is in charge of military affairs and is not frequently appointed. The imperial censor is the second deputy of the prime minister, in charge of supervising various officials.
The prime ministers, eunuchs, and imperial officials were the various ministers in charge of specific government affairs, including the Lang Zhongling in charge of the palace gate, the Wei Wei in charge of the palace gate garrison, the Lieutenant in charge of the capital guards, the Ting Wei in charge of the punishment and defense, the internal history of managing grain goods, the taxes on mountains, seas, ponds, and lakes, and the Shaofu in charge of the government handicraft industry to supply the royal family, the General in charge of the palace as the Shaofu, the Dianke in charge of domestic and foreign affairs, and the ritual of the ancestral temple, Zong Zheng, who holds the royal family membership, and Tai Fu, who holds the imperial horses. The Prime Minister, the Grand Marshal, the Imperial Historian, and the various officials discussed government affairs, and the Emperor made a ruling.
In addition, there were also some important official positions in the Qin Dynasty, such as the doctoral position of "Master of Ancient and Modern History", which was to be familiar with ancient and modern history for the emperor to consult, and to be responsible for book collection; Dian Zhi Guo - Like Dianke, Dianke is in charge of ethnic minority affairs, except that Dianke is in charge of communication with friendly ethnic minorities in Qin, while Dianzhi Guo is in charge of ethnic minorities who have surrendered to the Qin Dynasty; Zhan Shi - manages the affairs of the queen and crown prince. The centralized political system established by the Qin Dynasty has been imitated by successive dynasties.
Local institutions
After Qin Shihuang destroyed the Six Kingdoms, he adopted Li Si's suggestion to abolish the enfeoffment system and switch to the county system. Local administrative agencies are divided into two levels: county and county. The main officials of counties are appointed and dismissed by the central government. The county has a governor, a captain, and a supervisor. The governor governs his county. The lieutenant assists the governor and guides military affairs. County supervisors are responsible for supervising matters. Emperor Qin Shihuang divided the country into 36 counties, and later added them to 41 counties.
County, if the number of households exceeds ten thousand, a decree (county magistrate) shall be established, and if the number of households below ten thousand, a magistrate (county magistrate) shall be established. County Magistrates and County Magistrates have County Magistrates, County Lieutenants, and other subordinates. The county magistrate and magistrate are mainly in charge of government affairs, the county lieutenant is in charge of military affairs, and the county magistrate is in charge of justice. There are four main functions of establishing townships below the county level: 1. apportioning corvee; 2. Levy land taxes; 3. Verify the case of the defendant in this township; 4. Participate in the storage of grain in national warehouses.
The village has three elders in charge of education, a stingy husband in charge of litigation and taxation, and a wandering army in charge of public security. The establishment of a village is the most grassroots administrative unit. There are Li Dian in Li, and later generations refer to them as Li Zheng and Li Kui, with "Haoshuai" being the strongest. A strict Shiwu registered residence organization is set up in the center of Shiwu so that the local officials can collect taxes. And regulations stipulate mutual supervision and prosecution of rape, with one person committing a crime and neighbors sitting together. In addition, there is a specialized organization in charge of public security and theft, called a pavilion, which has a long pavilion. In addition to mainly managing public security, the pavilion is also responsible for receiving officials who come and go, and is responsible for transporting, purchasing, and delivering (documents) to the government.