Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus (also known as Emperor Brave) was the third emperor of the Antonian dynasty in the Roman Empire and one of the five wise emperors. He reigned from 117-138. During his reign, he stopped the Eastern War, concluded a peace treaty with King Parthia, and reformed the bureaucracy and law. The "Hadrian Great Wall" was also built in the northern part of British Island, crossing the east and west to prevent the invasion of the "barbarians" living in present-day Scotland. He has always been well regarded by the world and has rich personal interests. He is a knowledgeable and talented emperor.

Hadrian was born into a wealthy immigrant family in Spain and was the cousin of his predecessor, Turajin. Since his early years, he has followed Turajin to various places of war, earning the appreciation of this emperor and being entrusted with important tasks from time to time. Hadrian had a strong and tall figure, with thick curly hair and sharp eyes. When marching and fighting, he was not afraid of changes in weather and terrain. He ate the same food and drank cheap alcohol as the soldiers, which was deeply loved by them. [3]
In 1991, his cousin Turajin became a consul and he began to become a member of the Roman Senate. At the end of 1997, the Roman emperor Nerva accepted Trajan as his adopted son and designated him as the heir to the throne. He was ordered to go to Luxigou to deliver a congratulatory message to Trajan. From then on, he joined the ranks of the highest ruling class in the empire. Married Turajin's grandniece in the year 100. In 105, he was promoted to civilian tribune and broke the convention. The next year, he was promoted to consul in charge of military power. In 107, he was once appointed as the Governor of Pannonia in the Danube Province. He served as a consul in 108. In 112, he became the consul of Athens. In 117, before Turajin's expedition, he was ordered to command the heavy troops assembled in Syria. [4-5]
On his deathbed, Turajin adopted Hadrian as his adopted son. In fact, Turajin never officially appointed a successor, but according to Empress Prottina, he passed the throne to Hadrian before he was about to die. Due to the Queen's favoritism towards Hadrian, Hadrian's succession is likely due to her arrangement. Shortly after Turajin's death, Hadrian was promoted as the head of the Syrian army, and this action was soon approved by the Senate.

Military strategy
The first important thing Hadrian did after succeeding to the throne was to stop the Eastern War and conclude a peace treaty with the Parthian king. He abandoned the provinces of Assyria and Mesopotamia set up by Trajan, and let Armenia become a small kingdom only attached to Rome again, shrinking the Roman Empire back to the Euphrates River at the eastern border. Hadrian clearly realized that the Eastern conquest of Turajin could only proceed at the cost of extreme tension in the entire empire. At that time, the northern and western border defense forces were very empty, and the residents of Mesopotamia were obviously hostile to Rome. Under such circumstances, it would be an extremely difficult task to stick to the new border far beyond the right bank of the Euphrates River.
Hadrian's emphasis on defensive changes also created a relatively stable situation at the Roman border, which was conducive to the development of the imperial economy. [6] At the northern border, Hadrian did not give up on Dacia. In order to resist the Germanic invasion to the south, he built a Great Wall in present-day southern Germany, connecting the upper Rhine and Danube rivers. In addition, he also built the "Hadrian Great Wall" in the northern part of British Island, which traversed from east to west, to defend against the invasion of those "barbarians" living in present-day Scotland. His defensive measures have achieved good results, and for a long time, the border has been peaceful, let alone without major riots. On other borders, Hadrian also abandoned the policy of large-scale attacks and focused solely on defense.

The biggest military operation during Hadrian's reign was the use of force in Palestine to suppress Jewish uprisings. It is known as the "Jewish War" in history. In 132 AD, Hadrian visited Palestine and planned to build a new city on the original site of Jerusalem, making it a Roman settlement. At the same time, it was also planned to establish the Temple of Jupiter, the Roman god, on the site of the original Jehovah's Temple in Jerusalem to strengthen control over the Jews. This triggered a large-scale uprising among all Jewish residents in Palestine. The leaders of this uprising were Pastor Yelesar and Simon, nicknamed Barr Kokba (meaning "Son of the Stars"), and the struggle was even more intense than before. The Roman army took three years to massacre 580000 Jews before suppressing the uprising, forcing them to wander around the world.
social system
The Hadrian era was an important stage of bureaucratic development in the Roman state system. The bureaucratic management system of the empire had already laid the foundation during the reign of Julia Claudius. But at that time, the released slaves held an important position in the central bureaucratic structure, because there was no difference between the central structure and the private property management organization of the head of state, and the members of the latter mainly came from the head of state's released slaves and slaves. This situation is not in the interest of the entire slave owner class, especially the middle slave owner class. By the time of Hadrian, knights had almost squeezed out all the released slaves and became the true bureaucratic class. At the same time, Hadrian also transformed the Council of Advisers, created by Augustus, into a permanent bureaucratic organization led by the Chief of the Guard, with many members being jurists. The members of the Council, like ordinary officials, were able to receive regular salaries from the treasury. As a result, the Council lost its last trace of independent service and became a tool to follow the emperor's wishes. The role of the Senate has been further reduced.
In 130, Hadrian appointed the famous jurist Salvius Ulianus to compile all the edicts of the former chief executive into a volume and approve them as "permanent edicts". The permanent edict, also known as the "Eurianus" edict, as a reform of the legislative mode of the Roman law, stipulates that only the head of state can modify and supplement the Roman law. He completely changed the legislative basis stipulated in the Hortensias Act of 287 BC, that is, "the civilian parliament (citizen parliament) has full legislative power", which is a landmark act of the transformation of the ancient Roman administrative system from parliamentary system to monarchy system. [7] During the reign of Hadrian, a legal norm gradually emerged that the will of the emperor was the law. The imperial power even penetrated into the family, and even the traditional Roman patriarchy was undermined.Hadrian attached great importance to the provinces, granting autonomy to many provincial cities, encouraging them to carry out construction, build temples, theaters, public bathrooms, hold various entertainment activities, and generously subsidize some cities. Thus, the gap between provincial cities and Rome was narrowed, and the life of provincial cities was romanized. During the reign of Trajan, he began to absorb slave owners from the Eastern provinces to enrich the Senate. Hadrian continued this policy and widely granted Roman citizenship to the residents of the provinces. He also began recruiting provincial residents to serve in the Roman Legion. Therefore, the integration of provincial slave owners and Roman slave owners gradually led to the disappearance of the boundary between provincial residents and Roman citizens, and the imperial regime truly became the governing body of the entire Mediterranean world's slave owner class.
Hadrian, like Trajan, also began construction in Rome, rebuilding the Pantheon built during the Augustan period and constructing the Temple of Venus. During Hadrian's reign, the empire was basically calm and there were no wars.

Adoptive heir
When Hadrian considered the issue of succession, he first adopted the noble Elius Virus and conferred the title of Caesar. He was favored by the emperor for his outstanding beauty, but Hadrian relied on a large donation to buy the soldiers' recognition of Elius Verus. But he quickly passed away.
In his later years, Hadrian discovered 50 year old veteran Anthony Pius and 17 year old young man Marco Aurelius Anthony. He claimed that Anthony Pius would become his son and heir to the throne, provided that he also adopted Marco Aurelius as his son. [8]
Death
On July 10, 138, Hadrian passed away at his estate in Beia, believed to have suffered from heart failure. Hadrian passed away at the age of 62.

Hadrian was a learned and versatile emperor. Among all the Roman emperor, he was the most literate one. He had profound attainments in literature, art, mathematics, astronomy and other fields. He possesses the temperament of an artist, which is fully reflected in his poetry, architectural design, and lifestyle. He loved ancient Greek culture very much and became the first bearded Roman emperor. Many buildings from his reign have also been preserved, including the famous Hadrian Great Wall and Hadrian Villa.
Emperor Hadrian loved to travel, and during his reign, no province in the empire did not receive the emperor's visit. In 121, he toured the entire empire, inspecting the army and inspecting the defense of the border. First to Gaul and Germain, then to Britain, and then from Britain to Spain to suppress the uprising that occurred in Mauritania (Morocco). Afterwards, it advanced eastward, crossed the Balkan Peninsula by land, and then took the Aegean Sea to reach Asia Minor (Anatolia). He negotiated with Parthia and then inspected the northwest of Asia Minor. In 124, he sailed to Athens and returned to Rome the following year. In 128, the second tour ended in Syria and Rabia. Then cross the sea to Egypt, conduct exploration on the Nile, and then head to Athens.

In his early years, Hadrian maintained a homosexual relationship with his attendant, the beautiful young Antiochus. But the latter drowned in the Nile River in time while accompanying the emperor himself on a tour of Egypt. [10] To commemorate Antiochus, Hadrian built a new city by the Nile River, named after Antiochus. He also deified Antiochus, and his statues were erected in the centers of various cities in the Roman Empire.
In 1951, according to this story, French writer Marguerite Uternal wrote Hadrian's Memoirs, a masterpiece of historical novel, with Hadrian as the first person, which became a masterpiece in the history of gay literature. [11]
Later, Hadrian maintained a homosexual relationship with his adopted son and successor, Antony Pius.

Hadrian was praised by his contemporaries as "friendly yet dignified, serious yet witty, thrifty yet generous, versatile yet pursuing change". But he used his own ideas to demand other ethnic groups and promoted his "civilization" through the atrocities of genocide. He was a good emperor of the Romans, and for oppressed peoples such as Jews, he and Turajin were both absolute tyrants and demons.
Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Anthony Pius, and Marco Aurelius are collectively known as the Five Great Emperors. These five emperors brought a golden period and unprecedented prosperity to Rome during their reign. In his book The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Edward Gibbon praised this era as "the happiest era of mankind".