Napoleonbonaparte (French: Napol é on Bonaparte, August 15, 1769 - May 5, 1821), namely Napol é on I, was born in Corsica. He was a great French militarist and politician in the 19th century and the founder of France's first empire. He successively served as the first ruler of the first Republic of France (1799-1804) and the first emperor of France (1804-1815).
Napoleon was crowned emperor on December 2, 1804, turning the Republic into an empire. During his reign, he was called "the emperor of France" and the second French emperor to enjoy this name since Charles III.
At home, he repeatedly suppressed the rebellion of the reactionary forces, promulgated the Napoleonic Code, improved the world legal system, and established the social order of Western capitalist countries. He led his troops to break the anti French alliance formed by Britain, Russia, Austria, Russia and other countries, won more than 50 large-scale battles, dealt a heavy blow to the feudal system in European countries, and safeguarded the achievements of the French Revolution. During his reign in France, he expanded many times, launched the Napoleonic War, and became the king of Italy, the protector of the Rhine Federation, the arbiter of the Swiss Federation, and the colonial Lord of the French Empire (including French colonies, Dutch colonies, Spanish colonies, etc.). In the most glorious period, all European countries except Britain surrendered to Napoleon or made alliances. It formed a huge Napoleon Empire system and created a series of military and political miracles and short-term brilliant achievements.
Napoleon abdicated in 1814 and was exiled to Elba. After the establishment of the hundred day Dynasty in 1815, he was defeated in Waterloo and exiled. On May 5th, 1821, Napoleon died of illness on St. Helena. In 1840, his coffin was welcomed back to Paris, France, and was solemnly buried in the Paris Invalides (Paris disabled veterans' hospital) on the banks of the Seine River, France.

cut a striking figure
Napoleon at the age of 23
Napoleon at the age of 23
In 1769, napoleonbonaparte was born in Ajaccio, Corsica. He was a left-handed man [2]. His original name was napoleonbonaparte, which was renamed "Bonaparte" in 1796. Napoleon thought he was a non French at first, and hoped that one day Corsica would be independent from France [3].
He left his hometown for France on December 15, 1778. On January 1st, 1779, he entered Orton middle school. Under the arrangement of his father Carlo Bonaparte, Napoleon entered the Brienne Military Academy in France at the age of 10 to receive education. Napoleon is quite studious, but as an "outsider" from remote and colonial Corsica, he is often bullied by other local students, but he is very tough and tenacious. Through his unremitting efforts, he finally won the respect of many local students [1]. During this period, Napoleon showed great talent in mathematics, especially geometry [3].
On October 19, 1784, Napoleon graduated from Brienne with excellent results and was sent to the Paris Military Academy in France to specialize in artillery.
At the age of 16, his father died. Napoleon, who was poor, graduated early, joined the Rafael corps and was awarded the rank of second lieutenant of artillery [4]. When he was stationed in various places with the army, he was addicted to various books, including Alexander's war history works, applied physics, mathematics, architecture, records of the local conditions and customs of various countries [3], as well as many thinkers' works during the enlightenment, of which Rousseau's thoughts had a great impact on him. In 1789, after the outbreak of the French Revolution, Napoleon returned to Corsica, hoping to take the opportunity to promote the independence of Corsica, but was strongly opposed by another pro British faction. [5]
In 1791, the political situation in France was unpredictable and the situation was turbulent. At the beginning of the French Revolution, the constitutional monarchy, which represented the interests of the bourgeoisie and the liberal aristocracy, took power. They established a constitutional monarchy. In 1791, King Louis XVI colluded with foreign feudal reactionary forces. As a result, the plot was exposed and the monarchy was abolished.
In 1792, Gironde, representing the big industrial and commercial bourgeoisie, came to power. On September 22, the French kingdom was changed into the French Republic.
In 1793, Louis XVI was executed, Britain and other countries formed the first anti French Alliance, and the French Revolution began to face a serious crisis.
In June, 1793, led by Robespierre, the Jacobins, a democratic group representing the interests of the French middle and small bourgeoisie, took power, and the French Revolution reached a climax. In December, Napoleon, a young major, made a small test of his Sabre and unified his troops to defeat the royalist forces and the British army to win the battle of Toulon. Therefore, he was appreciated by the Jacobins and was promoted to brigadier general, which was the first time in the military history of Europe.
In 1794, Napoleon in the hot moon coup was investigated because of his close relationship with the Robespierre brothers. Later, he was dismissed from the rank of brigadier general because he refused to serve in the infantry of the Italian Legion.
In 1795, he was entrusted by Paris governor baras to successfully suppress the armed rebellion of the royalist forces, which was the famous campaign to suppress the royalist party. Napoleon was promoted to brigadier general of the army and commander of the Paris garrison overnight, and began to emerge in the military and political circles. [7]
begin to display one 's talent
Napoleon as commander of the Italian Army
Napoleon, commander of the Italian Army [8]
Napoleon was an outstanding militarist. He had deep research on the military knowledge at that time and was good at applying various military strategies to actual combat. In particular, he advocated the centralized use of artillery and gave full play to the mobility of cavalry.
On March 2, 1796, Napoleon, at the age of 26, was appointed commander in chief of the Italian front of the French Republic. On March 9, he married his lady Josephine boarne, and then hurried to the front. In Italy, the French army led by Napoleon defeated the generals of the Austrian Empire, such as wilmze, alvenzi and Borie, and finally forced the other side to sign a truce treaty in favor of the French Republic. [9]
After the great victory of northern Italy, Napoleon's prestige became higher and higher, making him a people's hero of the French Republic. However, his rise made the Parisian governor feel threatened. He was appointed commander of the Arab Indian Front Army (Oriental Army) of the French Republic and sent to the Middle East to curb the expansion of British power in the region and try to control the Suez Canal and the sea route to Asia. In addition to 2000 cannons, Napoleon's expeditionary force also led 175 scholars from all walks of life, as well as hundreds of boxes of books and research equipment. During the expedition, Napoleon once issued a famous instruction: "let the donkey carrying luggage and scholars walk in the middle of the team.".
In 1798, Napoleon went on an expedition to Egypt and occupied Alexandria. Facing the brave Mamluk, Napoleon showed extraordinary military talent and excellent military accomplishment. In July, under the shadow of Giza pyramid, "soldiers! Look at you on the pyramid for 40 centuries! (Napoleon's famous words)", the shocking results of the pyramid campaign cleared the obstacles to Cairo at one stroke, and made it gain the name of terror in Mamluk and Osman [4].
Although he commanded the French army to win an overall victory on the land, the French fleet was destroyed by British admiral Horatio Nelson in the abkil naval battle in August, and the land forces were trapped in Egypt. Napoleon marched into Syria, repelling the Turkish army for many times, but encountered difficulties such as plague, heat and supplies. Finally, it was blocked by the long-term attack of Aker city. On May 17, he returned to Egypt to encircle and annihilate the Turkish army in Abu KIR. Napoleon still regretted his failure to conquer the castle of acre until his death. In his memoirs on St. Helena, he said: "if the castle of acre falls as soon as possible, the face of the world will be changed" [10].

First in power
Fog moon coup
Fog moon coup
At the time of Napoleon's expedition, the anti French Alliance in Europe had been gradually formed, and the royalist forces in the French Republic were gradually strengthening. In August 1799, Napoleon decided to rush back to Paris secretly at once. In the dangerous Mediterranean sea voyage, Napoleon tactfully avoided the patrol fleet of the British Royal Navy and landed successfully two months later. In October 1799, Napoleon, who returned to France, was welcomed as a "savior". On November 9, Napoleon, who won the support of the people, launched the fog moon coup [11], which was a success, ending the alternation of various terrorist situations since the great revolution and becoming the consul of the first Republic of France. [12]
Napoleon then carried out a number of major reforms in military and political affairs, education, justice, administration, legislation, economy and so on. Among them, the most famous and still having a far-reaching impact two centuries later was the promulgation of the Napoleon code, which was drafted and formulated by Napoleon's order. Many articles were discussed and finally promulgated by Napoleon himself.
The code has exerted a great influence on the legislation of Western capitalist countries such as Germany, Spain and Switzerland. In the third week after the coup, Napoleon solemnly announced to the people that "citizens, the great revolution has returned to its original purpose, and the great revolution is over." In addition, Napoleon also formulated the national education system and the honorary Legion system. [12]
To be crowned Emperor
Napoleon the first in power
Napoleon, the first in power [8]
In June, 1800, Napoleon, the first ruler, personally led the army, crossed the Alps, defeated the Austrian army in Italy and Genoa, and won the famous victory in the battle of malengo. The battle of malenco was the first important battle commanded by Napoleon after he took office. The victory of this campaign became a model, which was of great significance to consolidate the fragile bourgeois regime in France and to strengthen Napoleon's ruling position.
On March 27th, 1802, France and Britain signed the Amiens treaty in Amiens, France. Britain and France temporarily suspended the war, and the second anti French Alliance went bankrupt [4]. Napoleon changed the eight-year constitution of the Republic into Napoleon's constitution, and changed it into lifelong governance. In May, the Anglo French contract was torn up and Britain declared war on France.
On November 6, 1804, the twelve year constitution of the Republic was adopted by referendum, and the French Republic was changed into the French Empire. Napoleon was crowned emperor. He took the crown from Pope Pius VII and put it on his own head and his wife Josephine's head, implying "the throne he fought for", and became "the emperor of the French [1]". In the same year, Napoleon appointed Kevin as Assistant Minister of the cabinet to take charge of military and political affairs in Paris. A year later, he was crowned king of Italy by the pope in Italy and annexed Genoa, making his stepson Oren de boarne vice king of Italy to take charge of Italy [13].

Anglo French naval battle
Portrait of Emperor Napoleon I
Portrait of Emperor Napoleon I
From 1803, Napoleon began to conceive of crossing the English channel through the French navy to land in Britain. He took great pains to invade Britain, appointed some "experienced" commanders in the Navy, and assembled a huge fleet composed of France, Spain and the Netherlands. However, Napoleon himself was not proficient in naval warfare, and he appointed the wrong commander, coupled with the tenacious resistance of the British Royal Navy, eventually led to the failure of the plan.
In the battle of Trafalgar in 1805, the commander of the British Royal Navy Nelson was killed, but the commander of the French army vilnev was captured, and the huge French Spanish joint fleet was completely destroyed. Since then, France has lost the opportunity to compete with Britain for hegemony at sea. In order to understand the encirclement of the sea, Britain began to provoke Austria, Russia and other continental European countries to form the third anti French Alliance. Napoleon had no choice but to give up the war plan of invading Britain. [14]
Fuller, a British military theorist, commented in the military history of the western world: "in that respect, the Trafalgar naval battle is a memorable battle, which has a broad impact on history. It completely shattered Napoleon's dream of conquering Britain. The hundred year British French naval hegemony ended. It made Britain a maritime empire that has lasted for more than a century." [15] It established Britain's maritime hegemony in the next 100 years and gave a boost to the monarchs of Prussia, Russia and Austria who were frightened by Napoleon. As the British historian Wilson said in the Cambridge Modern History, "the battle of Trafalgar was a decisive battle in the Napoleonic War from 1799 to 1813." [16]
Peak of life
Napoleon inspects the army
Napoleon inspects the army [17]
In August 1805, Austria, Britain and Russia formed the third anti French Alliance. At the end of August, Russian general Kutuzov and the Austrian coalition army marched towards Ulm, Bavaria. Napoleon left Paris on September 24 and personally moved eastward. On October 12, the French army occupied Munich. On October 17, the first French Empire and the Austrian Empire won the battle of Ulm after the fierce battle in Ulm, and the anti French Alliance surrendered.
Subsequently, on December 2, the first empire of France, the first anniversary of Napoleon's coronation, defeated the dominant force of the Russian Austrian coalition army of 90000 troops with a weak force of 70000 troops, won a major victory in the battle of Austerlitz, seriously damaged Austria and Russia, and reversed Prussia's attitude towards France. Since the French emperor, the Holy Roman emperor and the Russian emperor all participated in the war in person, the war is also called "the battle of the Three Emperors". This war reached the peak of Napoleon's life and broke up the anti French Alliance again. Napoleon made the Austrian Empire cancel the title of the Holy Roman Empire, and the long history of the Shenluo Empire ended. Napoleon then united the German vassals to form the "Rhine Federation" and put it under his own protection. [14]
Napoleon enters Berlin
Napoleon enters Berlin
In the autumn of 1806, Britain, the Russian Empire and the Prussian Kingdom formed the fourth anti French Alliance. On October 14, 1806, Napoleon led his army against Prussia. In the battle of Jena, he gathered 90000 troops to attack the general army, but did not encounter the main force of the general army. In alstate, the 20000 inferior forces of field marshal davu of the French army encountered the main force of 50000 people under the personal command of the king of Prussia. Field marshal davu tried his best to command these 20000 people to defeat the Prussian army. The Prussian army was almost completely destroyed. King fredericwilliam III and queen Louise of Prussia fled in a hurry [18]. Napoleon captured most of the territory of Germany and captured the capital Berlin. In June 1807, the French army defeated the Russian army in the battles of Ailao and Friedland in Poland. Napoleon met with Russian Czar Alexander I and the two sides signed a peace treaty.
French emperor Napoleon I concurrently served as the king of Italy, the protector of the Rhine Confederation, and the arbiter of the Swiss Confederation, and enfevered his brothers josephbonaparte, Louis Bonaparte, and Jerome Bonaparte as kings of Naples, the Netherlands, and Westphalia. From then on, the supremacy of France's first empire in the European continent was established.
Napoleon
Napoleon
In 1808, King Carlos IV of Spain suffered military and civil opposition and was forced to announce his abdication to his son Ferdinand VII on March 19 of the same year. In March 1808, in the name of protecting Spanish territory and resolving Royal conflicts, French troops entered Spain and occupied the capital Madrid. Napoleon forced Ferdinand VII to abdicate and made his elder brother josephbonaparte king of Spain from Naples. Large scale riots broke out in Spain. France invested a large number of troops in Spain, but was strongly resisted by the Spanish army and people. In addition, the dispersion of troops, continuous guerrilla warfare and harassment made the French army miserable. Napoleon had to command Spain to suppress the Madrid uprising. Britain intervened in the Spanish dispute in 1808, and the British army landed in Montego Bay on August 8, and occupied the whole Portugal on August 30. Later, with the support of local nationalists, the Duke of Wellington gradually drove the French out of the Iberian Peninsula. The French army fell into the dilemma of fighting on two fronts, fighting on the Iberian Peninsula on the western front and dealing with the anti French Alliance on the eastern front. [14]
Just when the French army fell into the quagmire of Spain, the fifth anti French Alliance was formed in early 1809. The Austrian Empire sneaked into the territory of France in the Rhine region. Napoleon was forced to withdraw from Spain and lead the army to the East. The French army defeated the Austrian army in five battles and five victories from April 19 to 23. On May 13, the French army occupied Vienna. Napoleon and the army under the command of Duke Carl fought in the Aspen eisling battle. The French army was defeated. The famous general Marshal Lana died. More than 30000 French soldiers were killed, wounded and captured. They were forced to withdraw to Lobao island. The Austrian army suffered more than 20000 casualties.
In the Wagram battle from July 5 to 6, Napoleon successfully turned defeat into victory and led the French army to win a decisive victory again. Occupied the Austrian capital Vienna and forced Austria to sign the Vienna peace treaty, ceding land again. In 1810, Napoleon decided to rest his army and marry Austrian Princess Mary Louise. France and Austria formed an alliance, and the first empire of France reached its peak. Napoleon became the overlord of Europe and became the Napoleon great who was as famous as Caesar and Alexander the great. [14]